Table 1.

Descriptive Characteristics of Study Sample and by Race Groups

	All (n = 735)				White (n = 509)		Black (n = 140)		Hispanic (n = 86)
	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Key variables of interest
Resiliency (post-COVID-19)	9.630	1.719	2.810	12	9.728	1.692	9.327*	1.830	9.542	1.645
Resiliency (baseline)	9.573	1.715	2.786	12	9.665	1.660	9.384	1.677	9.333	2.041
Total financial hardships	0.181	0.623	0	5	0.079	0.000	0.407***	0.988	0.419***	0.887
Race
White	0.693		0	1
Black	0.190		0	1
Hispanic	0.117		0	1
COVID-19-related measures
COVID-19 exposure
No exposure	0.460		0	1	0.642		0.407***		0.500*
Self, friend, or family infected	0.122		0	1	0.332		0.493***		0.465*
Friend or family died	2.079		0	1	0.026		0.100***		0.035
Lost job due to COVID-19	0.122		0	1	0.098		0.164*		0.198**
Ongoing stressors (baseline)
Ongoing health problems	2.079	0.936	1	4	2.029	0.918	2.171	0.921	2.221	0.975
Ongoing financial strain	1.688	0.907	1	4	1.640	0.866	1.871**	0.958	1.674	0.874
Demographic factors
Female	0.562		0	1	0.538		0.643*		0.570
Years of education	13.578	2.836	0	17	14.084	2.324	13.400**	2.521	10.872***	4.220
Age	64.550	7.338	51	1	65.442	7.881	62.657***	5.832	62.349***	4.750
Fair/poor health	0.199	0.399	0	1	0.138	0.345	0.279***	0.450	0.430***	0.498
Depressive symptoms	1.068	1.710	0	8	0.890	1.551	1.443***	1.909	1.512**	2.074

Notes: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019. Statistical significance indicates differences relative to Whites.

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.