Table 3.
Adjusteda Average Marginal Effects (AME) Change in Media Exposure (Tips) on a Less Favorable Attitude Towards Smoking Cigarettes and Less Likely to Smoking a Cigarette, Monitoring the Future, 2013–2015. Results Shown are Using Imputed Data (m = 10)
| 8th graders | 10th graders | 12th graders | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AME (95% CI) | P-value | AME (95% CI) | P-value | AME (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Less favorable towards smoking cigarettes | ||||||
| 4-month depreciated (vs. < 25 percentile) | ||||||
| 25–50 percentile | −0.021 (−0.062, 0.021) | 0.791 | −0.010 (−0.041, 0.022) | 0.815 | 0.020 (−0.028, 0.068) | 0.060 |
| 50–75 percentile | −0.011 (−0.053, 0.030) | −0.018 (−0.055, 0.019) | 0.036 (−0.024, 0.095) | |||
| >75 percentile | −0.008 (−0.047, 0.032) | −0.007 (−0.037, 0.023) | 0.062 (0.017, 0.107) | |||
| N | 11 905 | 11 898 | 5308 | |||
| Less likely to smoke a cigarette | ||||||
| 4-month depreciated (vs. <25 percentile) | ||||||
| 25–50 percentile | −0.028 (−0.067, 0.012) | 0.335 | −0.025 (−0.056, 0.006) | 0.341 | 0.005 (−0.042, 0.052) | 0.015 |
| 50–75 percentile | −0.001 (−0.039, 0.037) | −0.029 (−0.066, 0.007) | 0.024 (−0.034, 0.082) | |||
| >75 percentile | 0.001 (−0.038, 0.040) | −0.010 (−0.043, 0.022) | 0.070 (0.023, 0.116) | |||
| N | 11 905 | 11 898 | 5308 | |||
AMEs are estimated using single models with Tips media campaign exposure as the independent variable and each outcome. Each model adjusted for sex, past 30-day smoking prevalence, race/ethnicity, parents’ highest education, college plans (12th graders only), living arrangement, mother’s current employment, high school program, year, census region, state cigarette price, state unemployment, county poverty, county percent population Hispanic, county percent population Black, and county percent college graduates.