Table 5.
Factors associated with high service interruption during the COVID-19 pandemic in five sub-Saharan African countries based on health care provider’s characteristics (N = 1088)*
| Characteristics | N (%) | CRR | 95% CI | P-value | ARR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Country
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Burkina Faso |
59 (16.0) |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Ethiopia |
109 (29.5) |
2.12 |
1.63-2.78 |
<0.01† |
2.10 |
1.59-2.74 |
0.00‡ |
| Nigeria |
85 (23.0) |
1.43 |
1.08-1.91 |
0.01† |
1.65 |
1.25-2.17 |
0.00‡ |
| Ghana |
116 (31.4) |
1.88 |
1.44-2.45 |
0.000† |
2.61 |
1.94-3.52 |
0.00‡ |
|
Age (mean, N)
|
35.9, 364 |
0.99 |
0.99-1.00 |
0.73 |
1.01 |
1.00-1.02 |
0.02† |
|
Occupation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Doctors |
116 (31.4) |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Nurses |
253 (68.6) |
0.77 |
0.65-0.92 |
<0.01† |
0.68 |
0.56-0.84 |
0.00*** |
|
COVID-19 testing availability
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
147 (31.2) |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Yes |
254 (68.8) |
1.36 |
1.13-1.64 |
0.001† |
1.40 |
1.14-1.74 |
0.00† |
|
Ever tested for COVID-19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
171 (46.3) |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Yes |
198 (53.7) |
0.94 |
0.79-1.10 |
0.4\ |
0.82 |
0.69-0.97 |
0.03† |
|
Workplace guidelines
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
91 (24.7) |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Yes |
278 (75.3) |
0.77 |
0.64-0.93 |
0.009† |
0.63 |
0.53-0.77 |
0.000† |
|
Treated COVID-19 patient
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
176 (47.7) |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Yes | 193 (52.3) | 1.23 | 1.04-1.40 | 0.01† | 1.09 | 0.89-1.31 | 0.06 |
N – number of observations, N (%) – number of observations (percentage), ARR – adjusted risk ratio, CI – confidence interval, CRR – crude risk ratio, ref – reference
*Risk ratios were calculated using modified Poisson regression. Tanzania was excluded from all models due to a low proportion (1.7%) of HCPs reporting service interruption to enable model convergence. Each model was adjusted for gender, facility, mild psychological stress concern for COVID-19 spread, and all other variables in the table.
†Significance set at 5%.
‡Significance set at 1%.