Table 2.

Predicting life satisfaction by problem gambling severity and confounding variables

	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M5
Variables	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	β
Independent variable: Gambling problem
No problem (omitted)
At− risk	− 0.22*	− 0.28*	− 0.20	− 0.01	0.07	0.01
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.09)
Probable pathological	− 0.31**	− 0.40***	− 0.27*	− 0.01	0.12	0.02
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.09)
Control variables:
Age		− 0.10***	− 0.10***	− 0.06***	− 0.02*	− 0.03
		(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Female		− 0.20**	− 0.19**	0.10	0.08	0.02
		(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Income		0.12***	0.13***	0.09***	0.07***	0.06
		(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)
Hazardous drinking			− 0.01	0.03**	− 0.00	− 0.00
			(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Compulsive internet use			− 0.01***	0.01***	0.01*	0.03
			(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Psychological distress				− 0.16***	− 0.09***	− 0.28
				(0.00)	(0.00)
Offline Belonging					0.50*** (0.01)	0.47
Country effects:Finland (omitted
US	0.04	− 0.07	− 0.05	− 0.11	− 0.07	− 0.01
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.07)
South Korea	− 0.83***	− 0.90***	− 0.84***	− 0.96***	− 0.85***	− 0.17
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.07)
Spain	0.02	− 0.08	− 0.06	− 0.10	− 0.24***	− 0.05
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.07)
Constant	6.42***	8.42***	8.61***	9.19***	4.35***	4.35***
	(0.06)	(0.24)	(0.24)	(0.22)	(0.23)	(.)
Observations	4,816	4,816	4,816	4,816	4,816	4,816
R-squared	0.03	0.05	0.05	0.24	0.42	0.42

Standard errors in parentheses

^* p < 0.05

^** p < 0.01

^*** p < 0.001