Table 1.
The gambling expenditure (GE) groups by socio-demographic factors and gambling behaviour in 2016, n (%)
| Highest expenditure | Intermediate expenditure | Lowest expenditure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 255 (4.2 %) | n = 1 179 (20.3 %) | n = 4 204 (75.5 %) | P-value | ||||
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Men | 203 | (7.1) | 779 | (27.3) | 1 867 | (65.5) | |
| Women | 52 | (1.9) | 399 | (14.3) | 2 338 | (83.8) | |
| Age | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 65+ | 55 | (4.8) | 330 | (28.3) | 762 | (66.4) | |
| 55–64 | 68 | (7.1) | 268 | (28.1) | 617 | (64.7) | |
| 45–54 | 43 | (4.2) | 220 | (21.5) | 758 | (74.2) | |
| 35–44 | 38 | (3.9) | 161 | (16.4) | 780 | (79.7) | |
| 25–34 | 40 | (4.1) | 139 | (14.4) | 789 | (81.5) | |
| 18–24 | 10 | (1.8) | 60 | (10.6) | 498 | (87.7) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Missing | 77 | (6.6) | 358 | (30.7) | 733 | (62.8) | |
| Upper secondary | 122 | (5.2) | 530 | (22.5) | 1 701 | (72.3) | |
| Short-cycle tertiary education | 23 | (4.2) | 111 | (20.4) | 411 | (75.4) | |
| Bachelor or equivalent | 17 | (2.2) | 105 | (13.4) | 662 | (84.4) | |
| Master or doctoral degree or equivalent | 15 | (1.9) | 74 | (9.4) | 698 | (88.7) | |
| Employment status | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Outside the labour force | 13 | (2.9) | 55 | (12.2) | 382 | (84.9) | |
| Retired based on age or service years | 84 | (5.9) | 416 | (29.5) | 912 | (64.6) | |
| Unemployed | 28 | (6.6) | 91 | (21.4) | 307 | (72.1) | |
| Employed | 130 | (3.9) | 615 | (18.4) | 2 604 | (77.8) | |
| Net income tertiles | 0.001 | ||||||
| T1 (lowest net income) | 67 | (3.9) | 331 | (19.3) | 1 321 | (76.8) | |
| T2 | 90 | (4.6) | 462 | (23.8) | 1 387 | (71.5) | |
| T3 (highest net income) | 98 | (5.0) | 385 | (19.8) | 1 466 | (75.2) | |
| Missing | 0 | (0) | 2 | (6.1) | 31 | (93.9) | |
| Income support or unemployment benefit | 0.223 | ||||||
| Yes | 51 | (5.3) | 186 | (19.3) | 725 | (75.4) | |
| No | 204 | (4.4) | 992 | (21.2) | 3 479 | (74.4) | |
| Disability pension or sickness allowance | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 36 | (9.5) | 106 | (28.0) | 237 | (62.5) | |
| No | 219 | (4.2) | 1 073 | (20.4) | 3 968 | (75.4) | |
| Gambling frequency, past-year | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Daily | 96 | (37.6) | 123 | (48.2) | 36 | (14.1) | |
| Several times a week | 93 | (21.2) | 229 | (52.3) | 116 | (26.5) | |
| Once a week | 55 | (3.4) | 633 | (39.6) | 911 | (57.0) | |
| 1–3 times a month or less | 11 | (0.3) | 192 | (5.8) | 3 131 | (93.9) | |
| Game types gambled, past-year | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 11–18 game types | 46 | (25.7) | 64 | (35.8) | 69 | (38.5) | |
| 6–10 game types | 117 | (13.0) | 335 | (37.2) | 449 | (49.8) | |
| 4–5 game types | 41 | (3.5) | 310 | (26.5) | 818 | (70.0) | |
| 1–3 game types | 50 | (1.5) | 465 | (13.9) | 2 830 | (84.6) | |
| Gambling mode, past-year | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Multi-mode | 138 | (8.4) | 462 | (28.2) | 1 040 | (63.4) | |
| Online only | 38 | (4.2) | 222 | (24.7) | 639 | (71.1) | |
| Land-based only | 68 | (2.4) | 447 | (15.5) | 2 370 | (82.1) | |
| Do not know / missing | 12 | (5.6) | 47 | (21.9) | 156 | (72.6) | |
| Gambling severity, past-year | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Problem gambling | 73 | (45.9) | 56 | (35.2) | 30 | (18.9) | |
| At-risk gambling | 91 | (13.6) | 277 | (41.5) | 299 | (44.8) | |
| Recreational gambling | 256 | (4.6) | 843 | (17.6) | 3 865 | (80.5) | |
The GE groups are categorised as follows: (1) spends EUR ≥ 40.0 per week and produces 50 % of the total GE (highest GE group), (2) spends EUR 10.0–39.9 per week and produces 30 % of the total GE (intermediate GE group), and (3) spends EUR ≤ 9.9 per week and produces 20 % of the total GE (lowest GE group)
Weighted based on gender, age, education, and region of residence. Statistical significance (p) was calculated using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The GE groups are: (1) spends EUR ≥ 40.0 per week and produces 50 % of the total GE (highest GE group), (2) spends EUR 10.0–39.9 per week and produces 30 % of the total GE (intermediate GE group), and (3) spends EUR ≤ 9.9 per week and produces 20 % of the total GE (lowest GE group)