Table 1.

Meta-analyses of formal thought disorder and auditory verbal hallucinations^a.

Author	Year	Imaging modality	Num. of studies	Num. of subjects	Meta-analysis methods	Significant threshold
Formal thought disorder
Wensing et al.23	2017	task-based fMRI, PET	18 studies	165 SZ-FTD, 15 HC-FTD, 25 SZ-nonFTD, 132 HC	Activation likelihood estimation	cluster FWE q < 0.05 (cluster-forming threshold at voxel p < 0.001)
Auditory verbal hallucinations
Modinos et al.28	2013	sMRI (grey matter volume)	9 studies	307 SZ-AVHs, 131 SZ-nonAVHs, 307 HC	Parametric Voxel-based Meta-analysis	cluster-level q < 0.001 uncorrected
Palaniyappan et al.29	2012	sMRI (grey matter volume)	7 studies	350 SZ	Signed Differential Mapping	p < 0.005, cluster extent 10 voxels
Jardri et al.24	2011	task-based fMRI, PET, SPECT	10 studies	68 SZ-AVHs	Activation likelihood estimation	FDR q < 0.05, cluster threshold = 200 mm2
Kühn and Gallinat27	2012	task-based fMRI, PET	State studies:10; Trait studies: 8	State: 85 SZ-AVHs; Trait: 81 SZ-AVHs, 39 SZ-nonAVHs, 69 HC	Activation likelihood estimation	FDR q < 0.01, cluster threshold = 100 mm2
Kompus et al.25	2011	task-based fMRI, PET	Endogenous studies: 12; Exogenous studies: 11	Endogenous: 103 SZ-AVHs; Exogenous: 204 SZ-AVHs, 170 HC	Activation likelihood estimation	FDR q < 0.05, cluster threshold = 200 mm2
Zmigrod et al.109	2016	fMRI, PET	13 studies	190 AVHs (SZ, Psychosis, HC, Other diagnoses)	Activation likelihood estimation	FDR q < 0.05, cluster threshold = 200 mm2

^aMeta-analyses were retrieved from PubMed search: (“formal thought disorder” OR “auditory hallucinations” OR “auditory verbal hallucinations”) AND (neuroimaging OR (“brain imaging”) OR (“magnetic resonance imaging”) OR MRI OR (“positron emission tomography”) OR PET). The article type was limited to meta-analyses published in English between January 1991 and August 2021.