Table 2.

Summary of findings across levels of analyses.

Levels of analyses	Formal thought disorder (FTD)	Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs)
Neurocognitive	• A transdiagnostic symptom with a positive and negative form; • FTD is related to executive functions such as inhibitory control, sustained attention and planning; • FTD is also related to semantic and pragmatic deficits	• A transdiagnostic symptom, tend to co-occur with FTD; • AVH is related to impaired monitoring function and likely failure to inhibit unwanted memories
Neuroanatomical	• Functional abnormalities involve inferior frontal gyrus, medial orbital frontal cortex and middle temporal gyri; • Structural abnormalities in left posterior superior temporal gyrus; • Structural connectivity studies are less consistent, implicating fibers connecting the language regions and also other fibers	• Abnormal activation during AVHs or auditory tasks in more widespread areas in bilateral superior and middle temporal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, post-central gyri, anterior cingulate cortex insula and cerebellum; • Structural abnormalities in the bilateral superior temporal gyri; • Structural connectivity studies mainly reported arcuate and uncinate fasciculus
Neurochemical	• Partially treated by antipsychotics • NMDA antagonisms elicits transient FTD symptoms and brain activation in the right middle and inferior temporal gyri	• Related to excessive dopamine in the striatum, • Partially treated by antipsychotics • Relates to higher level of glutamate/glutamine in the superior temporal gyrus and lateral prefrontal cortex
Genetic	• Genes implicated in both language function and schizophrenia mainly involve in early neural development and neurotransmission. Some genes are directly related to structure and function of language regions