Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of the PSGC and clinicopathological characteristics for overall survival and disease-free survival in training cohort
| Variables | Overall survival | Disease-free survival | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (years) (>60 years vs. ≤60 years) | 1.153 (0.794–1.675) | 0.454 | 1.107 (0.771–1.590) | 0.583 | ||||
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.769 (0.504–1.172) | 0.221 | 0.722 (0.478–1.090) | 0.121 | ||||
| ECOG PS | 0.295 | 0.519 | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| 1 | 1.361 (0.912–2.032) | 0.132 | 1.252 (0.846–1.852) | 0.261 | ||||
| 2 | 1.399 (0.441–4.437) | 0.568 | 1.214 (0.384–3.843) | 0.741 | ||||
| CEA level (Elevated vs. normal) | 1.870 (1.219–2.866) | 0.004 | 1.742 (1.147–2.646) | 0.009 | ||||
| CA 19-9 level (Elevated vs. normal) | 1.658 (1.049–2.622) | 0.031 | 1.942 (1.357–2.780) | 0.041 | ||||
| Tumour location | 0.005 | 0.007 | ||||||
| Cardia of the stomach | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Body of the stomach | 0.756 (0.449–1.272) | 0.291 | 0.838 (0.509–1.381) | 0.489 | ||||
| Antrum of the stomach | 0.504 (0.331–0.776) | 0.001 | 0.532 (0.353–0.801) | 0.003 | ||||
| Tumour size (>4 cm vs. ≤4 cm) | 2.142 (1.475–3.109) | <0.001 | 2.194 (1.529–3.149) | <0.001 | ||||
| Tumour grade | 0.060 | 0.079 | ||||||
| Grade 1 | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Grade 2 | 4.529 (1.068–19.215) | 0.040 | 5.176 (1.228–21.812) | 0.025 | ||||
| Grade 3 | 5.344 (1.312–21.764) | 0.019 | 5.433 (1.336–22.103) | 0.018 | ||||
| Grade 4 | 7.291 (1.645–32.324) | 0.009 | 7.176 (1.619–31.819) | 0.009 | ||||
| Lauren type (Diffuse and mixed vs. intestinal) | 1.700(1.159–2.494) | 0.007 | 1.579 (1.092–2.281) | 0.015 | ||||
| Depth of invasion | <0.001 | 0.018 | <0.001 | 0.049 | ||||
| T1 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| T2 | 3.442 (0.822–14.401) | 0.091 | 2.256 (0.529–9.623) | 0.272 | 2.129 (0.616–7.354) | 0.232 | 1.437 (0.409–5.052) | 0.572 |
| T3 | 7.039 (1.962–25.248) | 0.003 | 3.228 (0.872–11.947) | 0.079 | 4.639 (1.633–13.177) | 0.004 | 2.415 (0.828–7.042) | 0.106 |
| T4a | 12.661 (3.995–40.125) | <0.001 | 4.688 (1.415–15.533) | 0.011 | 8.172 (3.312–20.163) | <0.001 | 3.198 (1.233–8.296) | 0.017 |
| T4b | 24.761 (7.151–85.744) | <0.001 | 7.282 (1.967–26.956) | 0.003 | 14.135 (5.120–39.025) | <0.001 | 4.175 (1.408–12.383) | 0.010 |
| Lymph node metastasis | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| N0 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| N1 | 2.372 (1.266–4.445) | 0.007 | 1.548 (0.817–2.932) | 0.180 | 2.078 (1.148–3.762) | 0.016 | 1.345 (0.732–2.470) | 0.340 |
| N2 | 4.353 (2.402–7.889) | <0.001 | 2.533 (1.364–4.702) | 0.003 | 3.745 (2.136–6.567) | <0.001 | 2.257 (1.251–4.071) | 0.007 |
| N3a | 8.563 (4.818–15.218) | <0.001 | 3.874 (2.111–7.107) | <0.001 | 8.264 (4.816–14.180) | <0.001 | 3.875 (2.174–6.909) | <0.001 |
| N3b | 12.189 (6.566–22.629) | <0.001 | 5.973 (3.057–11.671) | <0.001 | 10.779 (5.935–19.577) | <0.001 | 4.753 (2.477–9.120) | <0.001 |
| Distant metastasis (M1 vs. M0) | 3.540 (1.887–6.643) | <0.001 | 2.611 (1.350–5.051) | <0.001 | 3.450 (1.840–6.466) | <0.001 | 2.518 (1.306–4.854) | 0.006 |
| PSGC | 4.263 (3.054–5.952) | <0.001 | 2.209 (1.539–3.170) | <0.001 | 4.281 (3.084–5.943) | <0.001 | 2.372 (1.646–3.420) | <0.001 |
Association of all variables with prognosis is analysed using a two-sided Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.
PSGC pathomics signature of gastric cancer, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CA carbohydrate antigen, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ECOG PS Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.