Table 3.
Hazard ratio estimates.
| Patient cohort | Vitamin D3 treated versus untreated control (hazard ratio w/ 95% CI) | Vitamin D2 treated versus untreated control (hazard ratio w/ 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Full patient cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.797*** (0.769, 0.826) | 0.720*** (0.654, 0.793) |
| COVID-19 ending in mortality within 30-days | 0.667*** (0.592, 0.750) | 0.765 (0.553, 1.057) |
| Male cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.799*** (0.770, 0.831) | - |
| Female Cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.766*** (0.677, 0.866) | - |
| Black cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.707*** (0.649, 0.769) | - |
| White cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.823*** (0.788, 0.859) | - |
| 0–19 ng/ml vitamin D level cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.699*** (0.640, 0.764) | - |
| 20–39 ng/ml vitamin D level cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.811*** (0.772, 0.851) | - |
| 40 + ng/ml vitamin D level cohort | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.856*** (0.798, 0.917) | - |
| Cumulative dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.981*** (0.978, 0.984) | |
| 0–19 ng/ml vitamin D level w/cumulative dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.970*** (0.963, 0.978) | - |
| 20–39 ng/ml vitamin D level w/cumulative dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.982*** (0.978, 0.986) | - |
| 40 + ng/ml vitamin D level w/cumulative dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.987*** (0.981, 0.993) | - |
| Average daily dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.969*** (0.965, 0.974) | - |
| 0–19 ng/ml vitamin D level w/average daily dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.953*** (0.942, 0.965) | - |
| 20–39 ng/ml vitamin D level w/average daily dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.971*** (0.965, 0.978) | - |
| 40 + ng/ml vitamin D level w/average daily dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.980*** (0.970, 0.989) | - |
| 0-19 ng/ml vitamin D level w/ 50,000 IU average daily dosage | ||
| COVID-19 | 0.505*** (0.364, 0.701) | - |
Parameters expressed, except for cases where cumulative and average dosage are referenced, are for an indicator variable set to 1 if treated and 0 if control. Cumulative dosage is measured as the logarithm of the aggregate dosage during the pandemic period (March 1, 2020–December 31, 2020). Average dosage is measured as the logarithm of the weighted average prescription dosage (weighted by days supplied) during the pandemic period (March 1, 2020–December 31, 2020). Log cumulative dosage and average dosage set to 0 were used for controls. Blood levels were based on the first patient lab value for either treated or control between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020).
Source: Veterans Affairs Chronic Data Warehouse Electronic Medical Records data and Medicare Claims Data.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.