. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 13.

Published in final edited form as: J Telemed Telecare. 2022 May 13;30(5):871–884. doi: 10.1177/1357633X221100061

Table 4.

Multilevel models examining lagged relationships between depressed mood (DM) and daily functional behaviors.

Models	Estimation	95% CI		P-value
*TYPE OF ACTIVITY*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.181	0.127	0.234	<0.0001
ADL	0.001	−0.026	0.027	0.952
Cognitive Stimulating Activity	0.003	−0.023	0.030	0.798
IADL	−0.011	−0.033	0.012	0.357
Physical Activity	−0.010	−0.052	0.032	0.635
Social Activity	0.002	−0.024	0.027	0.894
Vocational Activity	0.011	−0.021	0.043	0.506
Depression (previous time point)	0.275^**	0.256	0.294	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.135	0.107	0.163	<0.0001
Residual	0.137	0.133	0.141	<0.0001
*LOCATION*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.182	0.130	0.234	<0.0001
At community center	−0.003	−0.085	0.080	0.952
At outpatient medical visit	−0.035	−0.114	0.044	0.386
At restaurant	0.027	−0.032	0.087	0.370
At the home of family member(s)	−0.006	−0.045	0.034	0.784
At the home of friend(s)	−0.003	−0.065	0.059	0.928
At work	−0.006	−0.037	0.025	0.712
In a vehicle	−0.020	−0.060	0.020	0.317
In class/school setting	−0.120	−0.323	0.083	0.248
In hospital	0.111	−0.008	0.230	0.068
In public business/store (e.g. post office, grocery store)	−0.055^*	−0.102	−0.009	0.019
Inside, other	0.017	−0.044	0.078	0.580
Outside, other	0.007	−0.056	0.070	0.826
Outside, walking	−0.024	−0.130	0.082	0.654
Depression (previous time point)	0.274^**	−0.130	0.082	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.135	0.107	0.163	<0.0001
Residual	0.136	0.132	0.140	<0.0001
*PERSON INTERACTING WITH*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.177	0.122	0.233	<0.0001
Coworkers	0.017	−0.026	0.061	0.434
Family members	0.007	−0.021	0.035	0.614
Friends	0.000	−0.043	0.043	0.984
Healthcare provider	−0.035	−0.116	0.046	0.400
Other known people	0.003	−0.073	0.079	0.943
People you are socializing with electronically	−0.196^*	−0.304	−0.088	0.0004
Pets	0.041	−0.003	0.085	0.068
Spouse or partners	−0.004	−0.037	0.028	0.793
Unknown people	0.047	−0.039	0.133	0.281
Depression (previous time point)	0.282^**	0.260	0.304	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.139	0.109	0.169	<0.0001
Residual	0.136	0.132	0.140	<0.0001
*HELP FROM SOMEONE WHILE DOING ACTIVITIES*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.182	0.118	0.245	<0.0001
Help score (between-person)	0.002	−0.028	0.031	0.918
Help score (within-person)	−0.005^*	−0.009	0.000	0.034
Depression (previous time point)	0.245^**	0.225	0.265	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.141	0.112	0.170	<0.0001
Residual	0.126	0.122	0.129	<0.0001
*PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVITIES*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.565	0.364	0.765	<.0001
Performance score (between-person)	−0.074^*	−0.112	−0.037	0.0001
Performance score (within-person)	−0.011^*	−0.019	−0.004	0.003
Depression (previous time point)	0.241^**	0.221	0.261	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.123	0.096	0.150	<0.0001
Residual	0.126	0.122	0.129	<0.0001
*SATISFACTION WITH DOING ACTIVITIES*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.642	0.448	0.836	<0.0001
Satisfaction score (between-person)	−0.090^**	−0.126	−0.053	<0.0001
Satisfaction score (within-person)	−0.012^*	−0.019	−0.004	0.002
Depression (previous time point)	0.240^**	0.219	0.260	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.117	0.091	0.142	<0.0001
Residual	0.126	0.122	0.129	<0.0001
*ENGAGEMENT of ACTIVITIES*
*Fixed effect*
Intercept	0.582	0.397	0.766	<0.0001
Engagement score (between-person)	−0.079^**	−0.114	−0.044	<0.0001
Engagement score (within-person)	−0.013^*	−0.020	−0.006	0.0004
Depression (previous time point)	0.239^**	0.219	0.260	<0.0001
*Random effect*
Intercept	0.121	0.094	0.147	<0.0001
Residual	0.126	0.122	0.129	<0.0001

^**

p-value < 0.0001,

p-value < 0.05.

ADL: activities of daily living; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living.