Table 1.
Assessment of the study quality and the risk of bias
| Study | Quality assessment | The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias | Oxford Evidence levels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PEDro | CONSORT | Selection bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Other bias | |||
| Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | ||||
| Albract and Arampatzis [63] | 5 | 15 | High risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Bohm et al. [64] | 5 | 16 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Damasceno et al. [65] | 6 | 23 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Ferrauti et al. [66] | 6 | 17 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
| Festa et al. [67] | 5 | 18 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk | High risk | 2b |
| Karsten et al. [68] | 6 | 18 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Johnston et al. [69] | 6 | 19 | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Piacentini et al. [70] | 4 | 24 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Vikmoen et al. [71, 72] | 4 | 18 | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | 2b |
| Fletcher et al. [73] | 6 | 15 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Millet et al. [74] | 6 | 13 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Storen et al. [75] | 6 | 19 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Garcia-Pinillos et al. [76] | 6 | 22 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
| Machado et al. [77] | 6 | 14 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | 2b |
| Pellegrino et al. [78] | 6 | 19 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
| Ache-Dias et al. [79] | 5 | 23 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Berryman et al. [80] | 5 | 18 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | 2b |
| do Carmo et al. [81] | 5 | 21 | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Spurrs et al. [82] | 6 | 19 | High risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Turner et al. [83] | 6 | 18 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
| Ramirez-Champillo et al. [84] | 6 | 17 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
| Mean SD | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 18.4 ± 2.9 | ||||||
The assessments of PEDro, CONSORT, the risk of bias, and the Oxford Evidence level were graded based on their corresponding checklists
In addition, the mean scores were calculated for PEDro and CONSORT
CONSORT: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; PEDro: Physiotherapy Evidence Database