Table 3.

Study designs, training variables, and the results of the studies adopting plyometric training

Study designs				Training programs		Results
Performance level	Study	Group	Number of participants: sex, age	Training period (weeks)	Training	Running economy	Running time trial performance
1	Garcia-Pinillos et al. [76]	PLY	51: M = 27, F = 24, 27.2 ± 8.6	10	Jump rope 5 min per 1 session 10–20 min/wk	–	3 km: − 3.0%, g =  − 0.72 [ − 0.72, 0.10]
		Control	45: M = 24, F = 21, 26.1 ± 6.3		–	–	3 km: − 1.5%, g =  − 0.13 [ − 0.56, 0.30]
1	Machado et al. [77]	PLY	8: M, 39.0 ± 4.0	8	45-cm drop jump only 6 sets × 30 s with 30 s of recovery	–	10 km: − 11.6%, g =  − 0.89 [ − 1.91, 0.13]
		Control	8: M, 39.0 ± 4.0		–	–	10 km: − 0.3%, g =  − 0.03 [ − 1.01, 0.95]
1	Pellegrino et al. [78]	PLY	11: M = 7, F = 4, 32.5 ± 2.0	6	Squat jump, etc 23 sets × 6–15 reps total contacts: 60–228 per session adapted from Spurrs et al. [82]	7.7 km/h: ECr; − 0.5%, g =  − 0.16 [ − 1.00, 0.68] 9.2 km/h: ECr; − 1.0%, g =  − 0.38 [ − 1.22, 0.46] 10.6 km/h: ECr; − 1.3%, g =  − 0.40 [ − 1.24, 0.44] 12.1 km/h: ECr; − 0.8%, g =  − 0.24 [ − 1.08, 0.60] 13.5 km/h: ECr; 2.3%, g = 0.65 [ − 0.21, 1.51] 15.0 km/h: ECr; − 0.3%, g =  − 0.07 [ − 0.91, 0.77] 16.4 km/h: ECr; 5.8%, g = 1.07 [0.17, 1.97]	3 km: − 2.6%, g =  − 0.66 [ − 1.51, 0.21]
		Control	11: M = 7, F = 4, 34.2 ± 2.6		–	7.7 km/h: ECr; 1.8%, g = 0.62 [ − 0.24, 1.48] 9.2 km/h: ECr; 2.3%, g = 0.93 [0.05, 1.81] 10.6 km/h: ECr; 2.9%, g = 1.01 [0.13, 1.89] 12.1 km/h: ECr; − 0.7%, g =  − 0.22 [ − 1.06, 0.62] 13.5 km/h: ECr; − 2.8%, g =  − 0.79 [ − 1.65, 0.07] 15.0 km/h: ECr; − 3.1%, g =  − 0.81 [ − 1.67, 0.05] 16.4 km/h: ECr; − 4.4%, g =  − 0.46 [ − 1.30, 0.38]	3 km: − 1.6%, g =  − 0.34 [ − 1.18, 0.50]
2	Ache − Dias et al. [79]	PLY	9::M = 4, F = 5, 24.3 ± 3.1	4	Continuous jump only 4–6 sets × 30 s with 5 min of recovery	9 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; − 2.1%, g =  − 0.14 [ − 1.06, 0.78] ECr; − 2.1%, g =  − 0.14 [ − 1.06, 0.78]	–
		Control	9::M = 4, F = 5, 31.3 ± 5.7		–	9 km/h: $\dot{V}{O}_2$; − 1.3%, g =  − 0.07 [ − 0.99, 0.85] ECr; − 2.5%, g =  − 0.14 [ − 1.06, 0.78]	–
2	Berryman et al. [80]	PLY	11: M, 31 ± 7	8	Drop jump (20, 40 or 60 cm) 3–6 sets × 8 reps	12 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; − 6.9%, g =  − 0.99 [ − 1.87, − 0.11] $\dot{V}$ O2 (kg−0.75); − 7.0%, g =  − 0.94 [ − 1.82, 0.06]	3 km: − 4.8%, g =  − 0.44 [ − 1.28, 0.40]
		Control	5: M, 29 ± 11		–	12 km/h: $\dot{V}{O}_2$; 0.0%, g = 0.00 [ − 1.23, 1.23] $\dot{V}$ O2 (kg−0.75); 0.0%, g = 0.00 [ − 1.23, 1.23]	3 km: − 3.0%, g =  − 0.18 [ − 1.41, 1.05]
2	Do Carmo et al. [81]	PLY	15:M, 33.3 ± 6.1	9	Squat jump, etc 3–5 sets × 6 reps, adapted from Spurrs et al. [82]	average $\dot{V}$ O2 of 10 km/h, 12 km/h:  − 0.9%, g =  − 0.15 [ − 0.89, 0.59]	10 km: − 1.0%, g =  − 0.16 [ − 0.89, 0.57]
		Control	13:M, 33.3 ± 6.1		–	average $\dot{V}$ O2 of 10 km/h, 12 km/h: 0.0%, g = 0.00 [ − 0.76, 0.76]	10 km: 0.1%, g = 0.06 [ − 0.70, 0.82]
2	Spurrs et al. [82]	PLY	8: M, 25 ± 4	6	Squat jump, etc 2–3 sets × 6–15 reps	12 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; − 6.7%, g =  − 0.42 [ − 1.42, 0.58] 14 km/h:$\dot{V}$ O2; − 6.4%, g =  − 0.42 [ − 1.42, 0.58] 16 km/h:$\dot{V}$ O2 − 4.2%, g =  − 0.28 [ − 1.26, 0.70]	3 km: − 1.6%, g =  − 0.13 [ − 1.11, 0.85]
		Control	9: M, 25 ± 4		–	12 km/h:$\dot{V}$ O2; 0.5%, g = 0.04 [ − 0.88, 0.96] 14 km/h:$\dot{V}$ O2; 0.5%, g = 0.04 [ − 0.88, 0.96] 16 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; 0.5%, g = 0.04 [ − 0.88, 0.96]	3 km: − 0.5%, g = − 0.09 [ − 1.01, 0.80]
2	Turner et al. [83]	PLY	10: M = 4, F = 6, 34 ± 12	6	Vertical jump, etc 5–20 reps per 1 exercise	9.7 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; NS 11.3 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; improve, p < 0.05	–
		Control	8: M = 4, F = 4, 27 ± 5		–	9.7 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; NS 11.3 km/h: $\dot{V}$ O2; NS	–
3	Ramirez-Campillo et al. [84]	PLY	17: M = 9, F = 8, 22.1 ± 2.7	6	Drop jump only 2 sets × 10 jumps (20, 40, 60 cm box)	−	2.4 km: − 4.0%, g = − 0.39 [ − 1.08, 0.30]
		Control	15: M = 10, F = 5, 22.1 ± 2.7		–	–	2.4 km: − 1.3%, g = − 0.11 [ − 0.84, 0.62]
Summary		–	Total size 263	6.9 [5.8, 8.0]	–	Weighted average by sample size PT group: g = − 0.21 [ − 0.64, − 0.21] Control group: g = 0.05 [ − 0.23, 0.33]	Weighted average by sample size PT group: g = − 0.39 [ − 0.54, − 0.24] Control group: g =  − 0.12 [ − 0.19, − 0.04]

PLY: plyometric training, M: male, F: female, reps: reputations, wk: week, $\dot{V}$ O₂: oxygen consumption, ECr: energy cost of running, vLT: velocity of lactate threshold,$\dot{V}$ O₂ (kg^−0.75): allometric scaling (mL/min/kg^−0.75), NS: no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between pre and post

Notation of results: The results of running economy were represented as “running speed: parameter; percentage changes, Hedges’ g [95% CI]” and running time trial performance, represented as “running distance, percentage changes, Hedges’ g [95% CI].”

Data provided in the paper were described if we could not calculate the effect sizes due to the lack of data