Figure 1.

Mechanisms of action for the SGLT2 inhibitors. ↑—increase, ↓—decrease, glutathione—GSH, malondialdehyde—MDA, senile plaques—SP, amyloid β—Aβ, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α—HIF1α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor—BDNF, vascular endothelial growth factor A—VEGF-A, interleukin 6—IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α—TNFα, vascular cell adhesion protein—VCAM-1, reactive oxygen species—ROS, monocyte chemotactic protein-1—MCP-1 [75].