Table 2.

Preclinical evidence of the reparative implications of the SGLT2 inhibitors in neurological disorders.

Disorder	Animal Species	Medication	Results	References
Cognitive impairment	Mice	Empagliflozin	Increase the cerebral brain derived neurotrophic factor and reduce the cerebral oxidative stress.	[61,62]
AD	Rats	Canagliflozin	Reduce amyloid β levels, plaque density, and acetylcholinesterase.	[66]
PD	Rats	Dapagliflozin	Upregulate the GDNF/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and reduce the ROS-dependent neuronal apoptosis.	[67]
Epilepsy	Rats	Dapagliflozin	Reduce sodium and glucose transported across the neurons.	[68]
Stroke	Rats	Empagliflozin	Upregulate VEGF and HIF-1α; decreased MDA, elevated GSH and activity of catalase.	[63,64]