. 2022 Oct 31;14(21):5369. doi: 10.3390/cancers14215369

Table 2.

Summary of the socio-demographic and dietary characteristics of study participants.

Demography	Responders (R, n = 25)	Non-Responders (NR, n = 32)	Controls (C, n = 10)	p Value (R~NR)	p Value (C~R + NR)	Clinical Benefit (CB, n = 34)	No Clinical Benefit (NB, n = 23)	p Value (CB~NB)
Sex, (n)				0.163 ^a	0.191 ^a			0.401 ^a
Male	14	24	5			21	17
Female	11	8	5			13	6
Age (years), median (range)	64 (40–84)	67.5 (32–92)	52.5 (36–67)	0.239 ^b 0.183 ^a	0.0193 ^b 0.073 ^a	63 (32–85)	70 (38–92)	0.163 ^b 0.578 ^a
31–40	0	2	1			1	1
41–50	4	0	2			4	0
51–60	5	6	3			7	4
61–70	7	7	4			9	5
71–80	7	9	0			8	8
>80	2	6	0			4	4
BMI, median (range)	27.8 (20–34.9)	27.5 (17.5–56.2)	25.1 (19.1–29)	0.526 ^b 0.497 ^a	0.273 ^b 0.194 ^a	27.1 (20–41.9)	27.8 (17.5–56.2)	0.612 ^b 0.401 ^a
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m²)	0	1	0			0	1
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m²)	9	6	5			5	2
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m²)	9	13	5			6	2
Obese (≥30 kg/m²)	7	10	0			22	17
Blood group:				0.635 ^a	0.407 ^a			0.323 ^a
O	6	3	1			6	3
A	8	10	3			13	5
AB	1	2	3			1	2
B	6	9	2			7	8
Blood Rh-type:				0.101 ^a	0.127 ^a			0.041 ^a
“−”	3	9	4			4	8
“+”	18	15	5			23	10
Antibiotic treatment:				0.804 ^a	0.455 ^a			0.850 ^a
During last 2 months	3	2	0			4	1
2–6 months ago	6	6	0			8	4
6–12 months ago	3	6	2			5	4
Over 12 months ago	11	13	8			14	10
PPI usage:				1.0 ^a	0.889 ^a			1.0 ^a
No	20	26	8			27	19
Occasionally	3	3	2			4	2
Regularly	1	1	0			1	1
Antacid usage:				0.687 ^a	0.267 ^a			1.0 ^a
No	21	26	7			27	20
Occasionally	2	4	3			4	2
Regularly	0	0	0			1	0
Oral NSAID usage:				0.837 ^a	0.523 ^a			0.767 ^a
No	13	15	3			18	10
Occasionally	11	12	7			13	10
Regularly	1	3	0			2	2
Low-dose ASA:				0.741 ^a	0.825 ^a			1.0 ^a
No	21	24	9			27	18
Yes	4	6	1			6	4
Birth:				1.0 ^a	0.907 ^a			0.738 ^a
Natural	24	29	9			32	21
Caesarean section	0	1	0			0	1
Birthplace:				0.264 ^a	0.058 ^a			0.172 ^a
Home	9	14	3			12	11
Hospital	16	12	7			20	8
Breastfed:				1.0 ^a	1.0 ^a			1.0 ^a
No	0	0	0			0	0
Yes	19	22	6			23	23
Breastfed duration (months):				0.785 ^a 0.670 ^a,h	0.708 ^a 1.0 ^a,h			0.829 ^a 0.547 ^a,h
24	8	9	2			10	7
1	8	6	4			8	6
0.25	1	0	0			1	0
0.1	0	1	0			0	1
Prevailing dietary fat type:				0.033 ^a	0.092 ^a			0.064 ^a
Plant-based	12	19	7			16	15
Mixed	9	2	1			10	1
Animal-based	4	8	2			7	5
Meat portions consumed:				0.53 ^a	0.391 ^a			0.801 ^a
1 or fewer weekly	5	4	4			5	4
2–6 weekly	15	23	6			22	16
1 or more daily	3	2	0			4	1
Vegetable portions consumed:				0.705 ^a	0.695 ^a			0.523 ^a
1 or fewer daily	6	5	1			6	5
2–3 daily	13	19	5			18	14
4–5 daily	6	6	4			9	3
Over 5 daily	0	0	0			0	0
Fruit portions consumed:				0.768 ^a	0.948 ^a			0.422 ^a
1 or fewer daily	8	7	3			10	5
2–3 daily	13	20	6			17	16
4–5 daily	3	2	1			4	1
Over 5 daily	1	1	0			2	0
Plant portions consumed ^c:				0.082 ^a 0.058 ^a,d 0.041 ^a,e 0.033 ^a,d,e	0.190 ^a 0.132 ^a,d 0.041 ^a,e 0.032 ^a,d,e			0.031 ^a 0.044 ^a,d 0.041 ^a,e 0.032 ^a,d,e
Low	2	11	1			4	9
Recommended	10	14	5			13	11
High	7	5	3			10	2
Fermented veg. consumption:				0.835 ^a	0.815 ^a 0.403 ^a,d			1.0 ^a 0.820 ^a,d
No	3	2	0			3	2
Rarely	6	8	4			8	6
Often	16	20	6			22	14
Salt consumption:				0.316 ^a	0.596 ^a			0.216 ^a
Low	10	12	5			12	10
Average	14	13	4			19	8
High	1	5	1			2	4
Dairy portions consumed:				0.072 ^a 0.050 ^a,g	0.217 ^a			0.037 ^a 0.024 ^a,g
1 or fewer daily	14	8	4			17	5
2–3 daily	10	19	5			13	16
4–5 daily	1	1	1			1	1
Over 5 daily	0	2	0			2	0
Bread type consumption:				0.55 ^a 0.200 ^a,d	0.744 ^a 0.507 ^a,d			0.181 ^a 0.266 ^a,d
Light only	2	5	1			4	3
Mostly white	9	13	6			11	11
Mostly wholemeal	11	8	2			15	4
Wholemeal only	2	3	1			2	3
Cereal consumption:				0.93 ^a 0.821 ^a,d 0.764 ^a,h	0.866 ^a 0.581 ^a,d			0.769 ^a 0.725 ^a,d 0.547 ^a,h
Breakfast cereals, white rice	3	3	0			3	3
Mostly listed above	6	5	3			7	4
Mostly listed below	5	8	1			8	5
Oatmeal, muesli, brown rice	9	9	4			13	5
Beverage sweetening habits:				0.293 ^a	0.366 ^a 0.194 ^a,d			0.353 ^a 0.164 ^a,d
Do not sweeten	12	20	7			18	14
Use artificial sweetener	1	2	1			1	2
Use sugar	12	8	2			14	6
Soft drink consumption:				0.71 ^a	0.469 ^a 0.446 ^a,d			0.976 ^a 0.909 ^a,d
1 or fewer servings/month	10	14	5			15	9
2–3 servings/month	3	6	4			5	4
1–3 servings/week	5	6	0			6	5
More than 3 servings/week	5	3	1			5	3
Defecation frequency:				0.01 ^a	0.038 ^a			0.720 ^a
Twice or more per day	5	4	3			3	1
Once a day	15	13	5			6	7
Every second day	1	12	2			17	11
Seldom	3	1	0			6	3
Bristol Stool Form Scale:				0.689 ^a	0.713 ^a			0.747 ^a
Type 1	1	5	2			3	3
Type 2	2	2	0			3	1
Type 3	3	6	2			9	3
Type 4	13	14	5			15	12
Type 5	2	2	0			2	2
Type 6	0	0	0			0	0
Type 7	0	0	1			0	0
Diet alterations:				0.362 ^a	0.182 ^a			0.373 ^a
No	23	25	8			30	18
Yes, during last 2 weeks	1	4	1			0	0
Yes, during last month	0	0	1			0	0
Yes, over 1 month ago	0	0	0			2	3
Current probiotics use:				1.0 ^a	1.0 ^a			0.362 ^a
No	21	23	9			28	16
Yes	2	3	1			2	3
Probiotic use history:				0.649 ^a	0.740 ^a			0.218 ^a
In last 2–3 weeks	0	1	1			0	1
Over 3 weeks ago	1	2	0			3	0
In last 6 months	1	2	1			2	1
Over 6 months ago	3	1	3			4	0
Tobacco smoking:				1.0 ^a	0.494 ^a			1.0 ^a
No	20	26	7			27	19
Yes	4	4	3			5	3
Smoking cessation:				1.0 ^a	0.339 ^a			0.251 ^a
Less than 1 year ago	0	1	0			0	1
1 to 2 years ago	1	1	1			2	0
Over 2 years ago	7	8	3			10	5
Alcohol consumption history:				0.253 ^a	0.430 ^a			0.740 ^a
Never	3	5	1			5	3
In the past	8	12	3			11	9
Currently	14	8	6			15	7
Alcohol consumption freq. ^f:				0.495 ^a	0.748 ^a			0.491 ^a
1 or fewer servings/month	6	1	0			6	1
2–4 servings/month	5	4	3			6	3
1–6 servings/week	1	2	2			1	2
1–2 servings/day	1	1	0			1	1
3 or more servings/day	1	0	0			1	0

NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI, proton pump inhibitor. ^a Fisher’s exact test. ^b Kruskal–Wallis test. ^c Pooled categories of vegetable and fruit portions. ^d Only those that declared no diet change. ^e For low versus high. ^f In group declaring present alcohol consumption. ^g For ‘1 or fewer servings daily’ versus ‘2–3 servings daily’. ^h Collapsed to 2 categories.