Table 6.
Multivariate logistic regression model on stunting.
| Model A | Model B | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% C.I. | OR | 95% C.I. | |
| Malaria prophylaxis | ||||
| No R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Yes | 0.901 ** | [0.837, 0.970] | 0.904 * | [0.826, 0.989] |
| Country | ||||
| Angola | 1.523 *** | [1.293, 1.794] | na | |
| Benin R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Burundi | 2.471 *** | [2.124, 2.875] | 2.253 *** | [1.877, 2.706] |
| Cameroon | 1.176 | [0.978, 1.414] | 1.282 * | [1.046, 1.572] |
| Chad | 0.791 ** | [0.672, 0.931] | 0.722 ** | [0.593, 0.878] |
| Gambia | 0.591 *** | [0.466, 0.750] | 0.565 *** | [0.433, 0.737] |
| Ghana | 0.481 *** | [0.380, 0.609] | 0.506 *** | [0.395, 0.649] |
| Guinea | 1.119 | [0.929, 1.347] | 1.129 | [0.920, 1.387] |
| Kenya | 0.749 *** | [0.637, 0.879] | 0.757 * | [0.611, 0.938] |
| Liberia | 1.094 | [0.852, 1.405] | 1.082 | [0.825, 1.419] |
| Malawi | 1.359 ** | [1.111, 1.662] | 1.471 *** | [1.177, 1.839] |
| Mali | 0.748 *** | [0.642, 0.872] | 0.810 * | [0.665, 0.987] |
| Mauritani | 0.666 *** | [0.556, 0.797] | 0.653 *** | [0.511, 0.833] |
| Nigeria | 1.380 *** | [1.144, 1.666] | 1.497 *** | [1.211, 1.851] |
| Senegal | 0.552 *** | [0.437, 0.697] | na | |
| Sierra Leone | 1.109 | [0.927, 1.326] | 1.136 | [0.931, 1.386] |
| Tanzania | 1.095 | [0.957, 1.252] | 1.089 | [0.927, 1.279] |
| Uganda | 1.013 | [0.816, 1.258] | 1.126 | [0.887, 1.429] |
| Zambia | 1.605 *** | [1.388, 1.855] | na | |
| Endemic zone | ||||
| Grade 0/1 R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Grade 2 | 0.841 ** | [0.747, 0.947] | 0.801 ** | [0.687, 0.934] |
| Grade 3 | 0.837 ** | [0.736, 0.953] | 0.777 ** | [0.662, 0.913] |
| Grade 4 | 0.901 | [0.756, 1.073] | 0.779 * | [0.638, 0.951] |
| Household wealth | ||||
| Poorest R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Poorer | 0.957 | [0.879, 1.041] | 0.98 | [0.879, 1.094] |
| Middle | 0.842 *** | [0.767, 0.925] | 0.904 | [0.803, 1.017] |
| Richer | 0.762 *** | [0.681, 0.852] | 0.809 ** | [0.704, 0.929] |
| Richest | 0.530 *** | [0.462, 0.608] | 0.587 *** | [0.497, 0.693] |
| Mother’s education | ||||
| No education R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Primary | 0.827 *** | [0.762, 0.899] | 0.774 *** | [0.698, 0.857] |
| Secondary/Higher | 0.624 *** | [0.564, 0.690] | 0.581 *** | [0.514, 0.658] |
| Child’s age–group | ||||
| <6 months R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| 6–8 months | 1.104 | [0.975, 1.249] | 1.112 | [0.954, 1.297] |
| 9–11 months | 1.605 *** | [1.422, 1.811] | 1.674 *** | [1.437, 1.950] |
| 12–17 months | 2.703 *** | [2.451, 2.982] | 2.810 *** | [2.488, 3.174] |
| 18–23 months | 4.374 *** | [3.960, 4.832] | 4.574 *** | [4.036, 5.184] |
| Mother’s age–group | ||||
| <20 R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| 20–24 | 0.877 * | [0.788, 0.975] | 0.861 * | [0.753, 0.986] |
| 25–49 | 0.782 *** | [0.692, 0.885] | 0.796 ** | [0.682, 0.929] |
| Proper nutrition | ||||
| No R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Yes | 0.910 * | [0.846, 0.979] | 0.904 * | [0.827, 0.988] |
| Diarrhea in past 2 weeks | ||||
| No R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Yes | 1.150 *** | [1.072, 1.233] | 1.148 ** | [1.051, 1.254] |
| Gender | ||||
| Boy R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| Girl | 0.658 *** | [0.620, 0.698] | 0.682 *** | [0.634, 0.734] |
| Children under 5 | ||||
| 1 R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| 2 | 1.207 *** | [1.107, 1.315] | 1.232 *** | [1.107, 1.372] |
| 3 or more | 1.370 *** | [1.206, 1.558] | 1.438 *** | [1.229, 1.683] |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1st R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| 2nd–3rd | 0.778 *** | [0.694, 0.872] | 0.757 *** | [0.657, 0.871] |
| 4th or higher | 0.847 * | [0.736, 0.975] | 0.814 * | [0.685, 0.968] |
| Number of ANC visits | ||||
| None R | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
| 1–3 visits | 0.956 | [0.853, 1.071] | 0.935 | [0.813, 1.076] |
| 4 or more visits | 0.825 *** | [0.736, 0.924] | 0.814 ** | [0.708, 0.937] |
| Short height | ||||
| No R | 1 | [1, 1] | ||
| Yes | 2.938 *** | [2.202, 3.920] | ||
| BMI | ||||
| Underweight R | 1 | [1, 1] | ||
| Healthy | 0.860 * | [0.759, 0.975] | ||
| Overweight | 0.727 *** | [0.612, 0.864] | ||
| Obese | 0.733 ** | [0.588, 0.913] | ||
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. CI: Confidence Interval; R: Reference category; na: Information not available. Model A: Includes all 19 countries. Model B: Includes 16 countries that had information on mother’s anthropometry.