Table 2.

The scaffolds fabrication methodology, their characteristics and the effect of the presence of IONPs on their properties, and potential clinical translations have been discussed.

Scaffold Type	Scaffold Fabrication Method	Effects of IONPs on the Scaffold	Ref.
Magnetic hydrogels	nanohydroxyapatite-coated γ-Fe2O3(around 10 wt%)/PVA composite hydrogels	remarkable influence on the porous structures average pore diameter of: 1.6 ± 0.3 μm enhancing compressive strength: 29.6 ± 6.5 MPa positive impact on osteoblasts adhesion and proliferation	[211]
Magnetic hydrogels	hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulfate/Fe2O3/nHAP/PVA hydrogels	Promotion of chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation, and growth	[212]
Electrospinning	electrospun PCL incorporated by dendrimerized superparamagnetic nanoparticles	Significantly decreases the PCL nanofibers size to 495 ± 144 nm and improves cell attachment and growth	[213]
Electrospinning	γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles filled polyvinyl alcohol	higher fiber diameter and surface roughness higher cells proliferation rate	[214]
Electrospinning	A novel nanofibrous composite scaffold composed of super-paramagnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (MNP), hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA) and poly lactide acid (PLA)	MNPs accelerates new bone tissue formation and remodeling in the rabbit defect.	[177]
Electrospinning	poly(vinyl alcohol) filled by γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles	maximum Young’s modulus (273.51 MPa) cell viability and cell growth rate	[215]
Magnetic Hydrogel	Poly(vinyl alcohol)/nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA)/magnetic nanoparticles (Fe2O3) fibers	Enhancing scaffold’s mechanical properties Uniform and enhanced growth of BMSCs on the surface High rates of proliferation Significant simulated chondrocyte-related gene expression	[216]