Table 3.
Diseases with known association with ARSB or with chondroitin 4-sulfate are presented. Some reports present data about chondroitin 4-sulfate without ARSB data.
| Diseases Associated with Decline in ARSB or with Increase in Chondroitin 4-Sulfate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Mechanism/Etiology | Text Section | Reference |
| Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI; Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome) | Congenital mutations in ARSB | 14.1 | [6,7,8,9,10,11] |
| Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (MSD) | Congenital mutations of SUMF | 14.2 | [96] |
| Cystic Fibrosis | Congenital mutations in CFTR | 14.3 | [39,58,83,88,89,97] |
| Malignancy | Acquired decline in ARSB expression or activity | 14.4 | |
| Colon | Increased Wnt9A | 14.4.1 | [30,32,34,41,98] |
| Prostate | Increased Wnt3A due to disinhibition of Wnt signaling; inhibition of ARSB by hormones | 14.4.2 | [27,28,36,37,38,42,43,71,99,100,101] |
| Mammary | Inhibition of ARSB by estrogen | 14.4.3 | [72,94] |
| Melanoma | Inhibition of ARSB and decline in PD-L1 | 14.4.4 | [33,85] |
| Liver | Increased GPNMB and MITF | 14.4.5 | [14] |
| Thyroid | SNP in ARSB intron; GWAS study |
14.4.6 | [102] |
| Uterine Leiomyoma | Increased ARSB in small; reduced ARSB in large | 14.11 | [103] |
| Neurological Disorders | 14.5 | [50,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112] | |
| Spinal Cord Injury | Treatment with recombinant ARSB; identification of increased C4S | 14.5.1 | [104,107] |
| Nerve injury | Treatment with recombinant ARSB | 14.5.2 | [107] |
| Optic nerve injury | Treatment with recombinant ARSB | 14.5.2 | [106,108] |
| Ethanol-induced nerve injury | Inhibition of ARSB; treatment with recombinant ARSB | 14.5.2 | [75] |
| Traumatic brain injury | Inhibition of ARSB by hypoxia | 14.5.3 | [110] |
| Alzheimer’s disease | SNP in ARSB intron; Higher ARSB expression in amyloid beta-peptide resistant neurons |
14.5.4 | [111,112] |
| Sympathetic nerve regeneration post myocardial infarction |
Treatment by recombinant ARSB | 14.9.1 | [113] |
| Infection | 14.6 | [76,77,78,79,114,115,116] | |
| Malaria | Lower ARSB, higher C4S associated with resistance to infection |
14.6.1 | [76,77,78,79] |
| COVID-19 | Lower ARSB and increased chondroitin sulfate by imaging | 14.6.2 | [114] |
| Parasitic disease: Filariasis Schistosomiasis |
ARSB reduced then increased in eosinophils during and after treatment; Increased hepatic ARSB |
14.6.3 | [115,116] |
| Bone and Cartilage Disease | Characteristic of MPS VI with low ARSB | 14.7 | [6,7,8,9,10,11,117,118,119] |
| Osteoarthritis | Higher ARSB intracellularly and secreted from cultured chondrocytes of osteoarthritis | 14.7 | [120] |
| Kashin-Beck disease | Higher ARSB immunostaining | 14.7 | [47] |
| Pulmonary Disease | Characteristic of MPS VI with low ARSB | 14.8 | [6,7,8,9,10,11,121] |
| Asthma | Low ARSB in circulating leukocytes | 14.8 | [88] |
| COPD unresponsive to oxygen | ARSB expression and ARSB-associated SNPs in relation to response to oxygen | 14.8 | [122] |
| Cardiovascular Disease | Characteristic of MPS VI with low ARSB | 14.9 | [6,7,8,9,10,11,123,124] |
| Heart Failure | Treatment with recombinant ARSB in rat model | 14.9.1 | [125] |
| Angiotensin II-mediated | Treatment with miR-154-5p to inhibit ARSB expression in mouse model | 14.9.1 | [126] |
| Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis |
Inhibit CHST15 with siRNA | 14.9.1 | [127] |
| Hypertension | Lower ARSB with high salt diet | 14.9.2 | [31,70] |
| Varicose veins and varicose veins with thrombophlebitis |
ARSB increased | 14.9.3 | [128] |
| Carotid atherosclerosis more likely to embolize |
ARSB expression increased 1.15 times | 14.9.3 | [129] |
| Diabetes | Reduced ARSB in leukocytes |
14.10 | [80,81,82] |