Table 5.

PCa models in which adenocarcinoma is documented.

Model	Alteration	Driver and/or Add. Genetic Alteration	Phenotype	Reference
Nkx3.1	Loss of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	HGPIN with invasive adenocarcinoma	[55,56]
p27Kip1	Loss of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	HGPIN with invasive adenocarcinoma	[57,58]
Aft3	Loss of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	HGPIN with invasive adenocarcinoma	[59]
Apcflox	Loss of expression	PBCre4 driver	HGPIN followed by local adenocarcinoma	[60]
Bmi1	Gain of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	Locally invasive and highly vascularized adenocarcinoma, with frequent bladder outlet obstruction	[61]
Tsc2	Loss of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	Invasive adenocarcinoma; enhanced lymphoid proliferation; development of skin cancer	[62]
Phlpp1	Loss of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	Invasive adenocarcinoma at full penetrance with onset of 8 months	[63]
Chk1	Loss of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	Progression of HGPIN into invasive adenocarcinoma	[64]
PK C ε	Gain of expression	Hemizygous loss of Pten (germline heterozygous Pten allele)	Invasive adenocarcinoma, preferentially in ventral prostate	[65]
Gata3	Loss of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Acceleration of invasive adenocarcinoma	[66]
Erg	Gain of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Foci of invasive adenocarcinoma with varying levels of Erg expression	[67,68]
Etv1	Gain of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Invasive adenocarcinoma with homogenous Etv1 expression	[69]
Junb	Loss of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Invasive adenocarcinoma in anterior prostate, with strong histological similarity to human PCa	[70]
SPOP- F133V	Gain of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Invasive, poorly differentiated, and highly proliferative adenocarcinoma	[71]
PSGR	Gain of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Invasive adenocarcinoma featuring Akt activation and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration	[72]
Zbtb7a	Loss of expression	Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele)	Highly penetrant invasive adenocarcinoma at 11 weeks	[73]
Hepsin	Gain of expression	Myc gain of expression under control of PB driver	Invasive adenocarcinoma lacking glandular prostate differentiation and clear basement membrane contour	[74]
MMP7	Gain of expression	Loss of Pten function	Invasive adenocarcinoma through induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)	[75]
Ptenadcre+ (1)	Loss of expression	Cre-expressing adenovirus via intraductal injection into anterior- posterior prostate	Invasive adenocarcinoma with onset of 8–16 weeks	[76]
Kindlin-3	Loss of expression	Xenograft	Subcutaneous prostate cancer tumor growth	[77]

⁽¹⁾Pten^adcre+: indicates model with Cre-expressing adenovirus used to disrupt Pten.