Table 7.
PCa models in which metastasis is documented.
| Model | Alteration | Driver and/or Add. Genetic Alteration |
Phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ptenflox/flox (exon 5) |
Loss of expression | PBCre4 driver | Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lungs, rarely to lymph nodes | [91] |
|
Nr2f2
(COUP-TFII) |
Gain of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes | [92] |
| NCoA2 | Gain of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, lungs | [93] |
|
NSD2
(Whsc-1) |
Gain of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, lungs, bone | [94] |
| Trp53 | Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, spleen, liver, organs near GU tract excluding bladder | [95,96,97] |
| Rb | Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, lungs, liver that resembles NEPC | [98] |
| Jnk1/2 | Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes | [99] |
|
Stat3 and
IL-6 |
Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Poorly differentiated cancer with metastasis to liver, lungs | [100] |
| NICD | Gain of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to liver, lungs | [101] |
| Smad4 | Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis |
[102] |
| Smad4/p53 | Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to bone | [103] |
| HoxB13/Myc | Gain of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, lungs | [104] |
| Braf V600E ( 1) | Gain of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten
(conditional Pten allele) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs | [105] |
| p53floxRbflox | Loss of expression | Homozygous loss of Pten (conditional Pten allele) PBCre4 driver (2) |
Metastatic carcinoma, with distant metastases | [106] |
| * NPKEYFP |
Nkx3.1 loss of expression Pten loss of expression Kras gain of expression |
Nkx3.1CreERT2/+ (3)
Ptenflox/flox KrasLSL-G12D/+ (4) |
Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to bone | [107] |
| SIRT-6 | Gain of expression | Luciferase expressing PC3M cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model |
Metastasis to liver; upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin, downregulation of E-cadherin in vitro |
[108] |
| RIPK2 | Gain of expression | Injection of RIPK2-KO 22Rv1 cells into male SCID/Beige mice | Invasive adenocarcinoma with metastasis to bone | [109] |
(1)Braf V600E: transgene carrying Braf V600E mutation common in melanoma but used to activate the RAS-MAP kinase pathway; (2)PBCre4: probasin promoter; (3)Nkx3.1-CreERT2: Cre/ERT2 fusion gene (Cre recombinase fused to a human estrogen receptor ligand binding domain) linked to Nkx3.1 gene to drive expression upon tamoxifen induction; (4)KrasLSL-G12D/+: mice expressing Kras mutant G12D behind the Lox-Stop-Lox (LSL) sequence. Cre recombination deletes the LSL cassette and allows the expression of the mutant KRAS oncogenic protein. * NPKEYFP: EYFP indicates labeling with enhanced yellow fluorescence protein in the NPK mouse.