Table 1.
Application of metabolomics in fungal research in recent years.
| Species | Techniques | Nos. of Metabolites | Main Metabolites | Involved Pathway | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fungal response to stress | |||||
| Agaricus subrufescens | UHPLC–MS/MS | 38 | Ergosterol, agaritine, pyroglutamic acid, vitamin B3, sphingolipids | [19] | |
| Phanerochaete chrysosporium | GC–MS | 53 | Veratryl alcohol, threonate, and erythronate | [20] | |
| Alternaria sp. MG1 | GC–TOF-MS | 239 | Amino acid, carbohydrate, xenobiotics, and lipid | PPPN biosynthesis pathway | [21] |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | GC–TOF-MS | Amino acids, carbohydrates | Amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism | [22] | |
| Pleurotus ostreatus | LC–Q/TOF-MS | 59 | Sucrose, dextrin, adenine, uracil, L-glutamine, and L-lysine | glutathione metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and some amino-acid metabolism | [23] |
| Volvariella volvacea | LC–Q/TOF-MS | 547 | Organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrate metabolites, nucleotides | Amino-acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, the TCA cycle, energy metabolism | [24] |
| Aspergillus aculeatus | GC–MS | 42 | Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, fatty acids, and sugar alcohol | [25] | |
| Aspergillus flavus | LC–MS/MS | 135 | Tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid biosynthesis, protein degradation, absorption, mineral absorption | [26] | |
| Aspergillus niger | GC–MS | Mannitol and gluconic acid | Mannitol cycle | [27] | |
| Aspergillus niger | LC–MS/MS | 68 | Triacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, hydroxy-triacylglycerol | Glycerolipid metabolism | [28] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | GC–MS and LC–MS/MS | 154/70 | L-Malic acid, alpha-hydroxycholesterol, zymosterol, ergosterol | Protein digestion, absorption, purine metabolism, unsaturated fatty acids, fatty-acid biosynthesis, purine metabolism | [29] |
| Cunninghamella echinulata | LC–MS/MS | Protein and amino acid | Purine, amino-acid, TCA, and sugar metabolism | [30] | |
| Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 | GC–MS | 30 | Fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, squalene, cholesterol | Mevalonate, lipid synthesis, and pentose phosphate pathway | [31] |
| Industrial yeast | GC–MS | 59 | Trehalose, glycerin acid, fatty acids | TCA cycle, fatty-acid synthesis, glycolysis pathway, arginine metabolism, etc. | [32] |
| Discovery of fungal natural products | |||||
| Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis | HPTLC–MS | 6 | Thymine, uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine and guanosine | [33] | |
| Ophiocordyceps sinensis | UHPLC–Q-TOF-IMS | 345 | Tyrosyl-phenylalanine, 2-phenylethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside and 3′,5′-odimethylmyricetin 3-O-beta-D-2″,3″-diacetylglucopyranoside | [34] | |
| Cordyceps militaris | GC–MS | 39 | Amino acid, nucleosides, organic acids, and sugars | Nucleotide, carbohydrate, and amino-acid metabolism | [35] |
| Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris | LC–TOF-MS | 100 | Amino acids, unsaturated fatty acid, peptides, mannitol, adenosine, and succinoadenosine | [36] | |
| Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris | LC–MS | 39 | L-Tyrosine, 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid and (−)-riboflavin | Histidine metabolism | [37] |
| Cordyceps militaris | LC–ESI-IT-MS/MS and GC–EI-IT-MS | Soyasaponin, pyroglutamic acid, isoflavone methyl-glycosides | [38] | ||
| Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum | 57 | N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)formamide 2-O-β-D-xyloside and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)formamide 2-O-β-D-xylobioside | [39] | ||
| Aspergillus oryzae and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii | UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS | 32 | N-Formyl-l-aspartate, imidazoleacetic acid, taurine, glycocholate, phenylpyruvate | Histidine metabolism, phenylalanine, adenosine kinase, phosphatidylserine synthase homo sapiens, phosphatidylethanolamine scramblase | [40] |
| Agaricus bisporus | UPLC–Q-TOF-MS | 40 | Organic acids, trehalose | Fatty-acid biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and citrate cycle | [41] |
| Flammulina filiformis | HILIC–ESI(±)-QTOF-MS, LC–MS/MS | 107 | Melanin, l-dopa (3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine) | Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and tyrosine metabolism | [42] |
| Aspergillus terreus | LC–HRMS | 18 | Quinones, isocoumarins, polyketides | [43] | |
| Morchella sp. | UPLC–Q-TOF-MS | 50 | Fatty acids, peptides | [44] | |
| Penicillium restrictum MMS417 | UPLC–IT/TOF-MS/MS | Pyran-2-ones | [45] | ||
| Fungal metabolic engineering | |||||
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | GC–EI-MS | Geranyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate, geranylgeranyl diphosphate, squalene, lanosterol, and ergosterol | Isoprenoid pathway | [46] | |
| Aspergillus nidulans | LC–MS | Fellutamide B, antibiotic 1656-G, and antibiotic 3127 | [47] | ||
| Aspergillus nidulans | UHPLC–ESI-HRMS | 6 | Orcinol, phenoxyacetic acid, orsellinic acid, monodictyphenone, gentisic acid, and caffeic acid | Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathway, glycolysis, and TCA cycle | [48] |
| Fusarium verticillioides and Streptomyces sp. | LC–ESI-QqQ | 36 | Amino acids, saccharides, nucleotides, organic acids, phenol, lipid, and amine | Protein synthesis, Krebs cycle | [49] |
| Fusarium verticillioides | GC–MS | 46 | Arabitol, mannitol, and trehalose | Fumonisin biosynthesis and trehalose biosynthesis | [50] |
| Fusarium graminearum | LC–MS | 22 | N-Ethyl anthranilic acid, N-phenethylacetamide, tricinolone and tricinolonoic acid, fusarins, zearalenones, and fusaristatin A | [51] | |
| Fusarium graminearum | NMR–GC-FID–MS | 45 | Sugars, amino acids, organic acids, choline metabolites | Inhibiting glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle | [52] |
| Aspergillus nidulans | GC–EI-MS | 86 | Carbohydrates, amino acids, and carboxylic and lipid acids, purines and pyrimidines | Amino-acid and carbohydrate metabolism | [53] |
| Plant–fungal interaction | |||||
| Diaporthe phaseolorum, Trichoderma spirale | NMR | 20 | Threonine, malic acid, and N-acetyl-mannosamine | [54] | |
| Pisolithus tinctorius | NMR, FT-ICR | 61 | Carbohydrates, organic acids, tannins, long-chain fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and terpenoids | [55] | |
| Fusarium verticillioides | UPLC–Q-TOF/MS | Isoflavones, jasmonic acid | Phenylpropanoid, flavone metabolic, | [56] | |
| Armillaria luteobubalina | GC–MS | 117 | Sugars, sugar alcohols, amines, or amino acids | D-Threitol synthesis | [57] |
| Tilletia controversa | LC–MS | 62 | 9-HODE, prostaglandin D3, caffeic acid, pyroglutamic acid, tetracosanoic acid | [58] | |
| Penicillium digitata | UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS | 85 | amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, TCA metabolites, galactose metabolites, carbohydrate metabolites, nucleic acids, amino sugars, and nucleotide sugars | Amino-acid, lipid, fatty-acid, and purine metabolism, and TCA cycle | [59] |
| Trichoderma fungi | HRMAS NMR | γ-Aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and amino acids | [60] | ||