Table 2.
Type of Study | Garlic Form Supplementation | Level of Supply | Basal Diet | CH4 Yield | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In Vitro | |||||
Batch culture | |||||
Batch culture (sheep rumen fluid) |
Garlic and citrus extracts | 0%, 10%, and 20% of DMI | Concentrate and grass at 50:50 ratio | ↓ 11% (from 11.12 mL/g DM to 9.89 mL/g DM) | [130] |
Batch culture (sheep rumen fluid) |
Bulb of garlic | 70 mg | 450 mg DM substrate (a mixture of lucerne hay (500 g/kg), grass hay (200 g/kg), and barley (300 g/kg)) | ↓ 9.8% (from 1.32 mmol/g DM to 1.19 mmol/g DM) | [98] |
Batch culture (sheep rumen fluid) |
ALL and DAD | 0.5, 5, and 10 mg/L | 1:1 alfalfa hay:concentrate either (HF inoculum; 700:300 alfalfa hay:concentrate; 4 sheep) or (HC inoculum, 300:700 alfalfa hay:concentrate; 4 sheep) | ND | [39] |
Batch culture (sheep rumen fluid) |
Garlic oil | 0, 20, 60, 180, or 540 mg/L | 300 mg MC (500:500 alfalfa hay:concentrate), and the other 4 were fed HC (150:850 barley straw:concentrate) | ↓ 12.1% (from 0.262 mmol/L of VFA to 0.257 mmol/L of VFA) | [99] |
Batch culture (cow rumen fluid) |
Garlic extracts | 1% of total volume | 0.3 g of timothy | ↓ 20% (from 40.2 mL/g DM to 32.5 mL/g DM) | [95] |
Batch culture (buffalo rumen fluid) |
Coconut oil and garlic powder | 0:0, 16:0, 8:4, 4:8, and 0:16 mg | 200 mg DM (60:40 roughage (R) and concentrate (C) ratio were used as substrates) | ND | [29] |
Batch culture (sheep rumen fluid) |
Garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde | 0, 20, 60, 180, and 540 mg/L | Forages and concentrates 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet (MC) and 15:85 barley straw:concentrate diet (HC) |
ND | [104] |
Batch culture and dual flow continuous culture (cow rumen fluid) |
Garlic oil | 3, 30, 300, and 3000 mg/L | 50:50 forage:concentrate diet | ↓ 73.6% (from 0.20 mmol/L of VFA to 0.07 mmol/L of VFA) | [37] |
Batch culture (cow rumen fluid) |
Combination of garlic oil, nitrate, and saponin | Garlic oil (0.25 g/L), nitrate (5 mM), and quillaja saponin (0.6 g/L) | 400 mg of ground feed substrate. The feed substrate is a mixture of alfalfa hay and a dairy concentrate feed at a 50:50 ratio | ↓ 65% at day 2 (from 29.1 mL/g DM to 10.3 mL/g DM) and by 40% at day 18 (from 21.4 mL/g DM to 13 mL/g DM) | [48] |
Batch culture (cow rumen fluid) |
Garlic powder | 2–6% of DMI | Concentrate and wheat straw at a 50:50 ratio | ND | [113] |
CCF | |||||
CCF (goat rumen fluid) | PTS | 200 μL/L/day | Alfalfa hay and concentrate in a 50:50 ratio | ↓ 48% (from 249 mmol/L of VFA to 129 mmol/L of VFA) | [131] |
Rusitec | |||||
Rusitec (cow rumen fluid) |
Mootral (garlic and citrus extract) | 1–2 g | 7 g hay and 3 g concentrate | ↓ 96% (from 10.70 mL/g DM to 0.40 mL/g DM) | [96] |
Rusitec (cow rumen fluid) |
Garlic oil | 300 mg/L | A basal diet (15 g DM/d) consisting of ryegrass hay, barley, and soya bean meal (1:0.7:0.3) | ↓ 91% (from 7.96 mL/g DM to 0.73 mL/g DM) | [102] |
In Vivo | |||||
Buffalo | |||||
Buffalo | Coconut oil and garlic powder | 7% coconut oil plus 100 g/d of garlic powder | Rice straw ad libitum, concentrate 0.5% BW | ↓ 9% (from 27.5 mmol/L of VFA to 25 mmol/L of VFA) | [111] |
Buffalo | Garlic powder | 2% of DMI | Concentrate and roughage diet which comprised of concentrate mixture, berseem, and wheat straw | ↓ 33% (from 40.70 g/kg DMI to 27 g/kg DMI) | [113] |
Buffalo | A mixture of garlic and soapnut in 2:1 ratio | 2% of DMI | Wheat straw and concentrate mixture at a ratio of 60:40 | ↓ 12.6% (from 36.30 g/kg DMI to 31.72 g/kg DMI) | [132] |
Buffalo | Mixture of garlic bulb and peppermint oil | 2.5% of DMI | 50% wheat straw and 50% concentrate | ↓ 7.4% (from 29.17 g/kg DMI to 27.01 g/kg DMI) | [133] |
Cattle | |||||
Cattle | Mootral (garlic and citrus extract) | 15 g/d | TMR at a ratio of 47% forage and 53% concentrate | ↓ 23.2% (from 19.4 g/kg DMI to 14.9 g/kg DMI) | [106] |
Cattle Cattle Cattle |
Garlic powder A mixture of mangosteen peel, garlic, and urea pellet |
40 g/d 200 g/d 200 g/d |
Concentrate at 5 g/kg BW with UTRS fed ad libitum Rice straw ad libitum and concentrate were fed at 0.5% of BW Concentrate at 0.5% of BW while rice straw was fed ad libitum |
↓ 5% (from 29.3 mmol/L of VFA to 27.9 mmol/L of VFA) ↓ 6.5% (from 27.6 mmol/L of VFA to 25.8 mmol/L of VFA) |
[87] [134] [134] [135] |
Goat | |||||
Goat | Garlic oil | 20–35 g | 600 g/kg DM of concentrate and 400 g/kg DM of cowpea/maize silage in a ratio of 1:3 | ND | [109] |
Sheep | |||||
Sheep | ALL | 2 g/head day | TMR | ↓ 7.7% (from 66.1 g/kg DMI to 61 g/kg DMI) | [107] |
Sheep | FDGL | 2.5 g/(kg BW0.75·d) | Mixed hay plus concentrate at 60:40 ratio | ↓ 10% (from 28.05 g/kg DMI to 25.34 g/kg DMI) | [114] |
Sheep | Garlic powder | 0.5% concentrate (DM) | Concentrate to rice straw at ratio of 30:70 | ↓ 6.6% (from 42.3 g/kg DMI to 39.5 g/kg DMI) | [136] |
Sheep | Combined garlic essential oil and linseed oil | Linseed oil (1.6 mL/kg BW) and garlic essential oil (3 μL/kg BW) | Free access to a natural grassland hay 921.1 g DM/kg and concentrate 889.0 g DM/kg | ↓ 19.6% (from 19.68 g/kg DMI to 15.81 g/kg DMI) | [112] |
BW: Body Weight; CCF: Continuous-Culture Fermenters; DAD: Diallyl Disulphide; DM: Dry Matter; DMD: Dry Matter Digestibility; DMI: Dry Matter Intake; FDGL: Freeze-Dried Garlic Leaves; HC: High Concentrate; HF: High Forage; MC: Medium Concentrate; ND: Not Determined; ALL: Allicin; PTS: Propyl Propane Thiosulphinate.