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. 2022 Oct 31;12(21):2998. doi: 10.3390/ani12212998

Table 2.

Effect of garlic on CH4 emissions based on in vitro and in vivo.

Type of Study Garlic Form Supplementation Level of Supply Basal Diet CH4 Yield Reference
In Vitro
Batch culture
Batch culture
(sheep rumen fluid)
Garlic and citrus extracts 0%, 10%, and 20% of DMI Concentrate and grass at 50:50 ratio ↓ 11% (from 11.12 mL/g DM to 9.89 mL/g DM) [130]
Batch culture
(sheep rumen fluid)
Bulb of garlic 70 mg 450 mg DM substrate (a mixture of lucerne hay (500 g/kg), grass hay (200 g/kg), and barley (300 g/kg)) ↓ 9.8% (from 1.32 mmol/g DM to 1.19 mmol/g DM) [98]
Batch culture
(sheep rumen fluid)
ALL and DAD 0.5, 5, and 10 mg/L 1:1 alfalfa hay:concentrate either (HF inoculum; 700:300 alfalfa hay:concentrate; 4 sheep) or (HC inoculum, 300:700 alfalfa hay:concentrate; 4 sheep) ND [39]
Batch culture
(sheep rumen fluid)
Garlic oil 0, 20, 60, 180, or 540 mg/L 300 mg MC (500:500 alfalfa hay:concentrate), and the other 4 were fed HC (150:850 barley straw:concentrate) ↓ 12.1% (from 0.262 mmol/L of VFA to 0.257 mmol/L of VFA) [99]
Batch culture
(cow rumen fluid)
Garlic extracts 1% of total volume 0.3 g of timothy ↓ 20% (from 40.2 mL/g DM to 32.5 mL/g DM) [95]
Batch culture
(buffalo rumen fluid)
Coconut oil and garlic powder 0:0, 16:0, 8:4, 4:8, and 0:16 mg 200 mg DM (60:40 roughage (R) and concentrate (C) ratio were used as substrates) ND [29]
Batch culture
(sheep rumen fluid)
Garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde 0, 20, 60, 180, and 540 mg/L Forages and concentrates
50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet (MC) and 15:85 barley straw:concentrate diet (HC)
ND [104]
Batch culture and dual flow continuous culture
(cow rumen fluid)
Garlic oil 3, 30, 300, and 3000 mg/L 50:50 forage:concentrate diet ↓ 73.6% (from 0.20 mmol/L of VFA to 0.07 mmol/L of VFA) [37]
Batch culture
(cow rumen fluid)
Combination of garlic oil, nitrate, and saponin Garlic oil (0.25 g/L), nitrate (5 mM), and quillaja saponin (0.6 g/L) 400 mg of ground feed substrate. The feed substrate is a mixture of alfalfa hay and a dairy concentrate feed at a 50:50 ratio ↓ 65% at day 2 (from 29.1 mL/g DM to 10.3 mL/g DM) and by 40% at day 18 (from 21.4 mL/g DM to 13 mL/g DM) [48]
Batch culture
(cow rumen fluid)
Garlic powder 2–6% of DMI Concentrate and wheat straw at a 50:50 ratio ND [113]
CCF
CCF (goat rumen fluid) PTS 200 μL/L/day Alfalfa hay and concentrate in a 50:50 ratio ↓ 48% (from 249 mmol/L of VFA to 129 mmol/L of VFA) [131]
Rusitec
Rusitec
(cow rumen fluid)
Mootral (garlic and citrus extract) 1–2 g 7 g hay and 3 g concentrate ↓ 96% (from 10.70 mL/g DM to 0.40 mL/g DM) [96]
Rusitec
(cow rumen fluid)
Garlic oil 300 mg/L A basal diet (15 g DM/d) consisting of ryegrass hay, barley, and soya bean meal (1:0.7:0.3) ↓ 91% (from 7.96 mL/g DM to 0.73 mL/g DM) [102]
In Vivo
Buffalo
Buffalo Coconut oil and garlic powder 7% coconut oil plus 100 g/d of garlic powder Rice straw ad libitum, concentrate 0.5% BW ↓ 9% (from 27.5 mmol/L of VFA to 25 mmol/L of VFA) [111]
Buffalo Garlic powder 2% of DMI Concentrate and roughage diet which comprised of concentrate mixture, berseem, and wheat straw ↓ 33% (from 40.70 g/kg DMI to 27 g/kg DMI) [113]
Buffalo A mixture of garlic and soapnut in 2:1 ratio 2% of DMI Wheat straw and concentrate mixture at a ratio of 60:40 ↓ 12.6% (from 36.30 g/kg DMI to 31.72 g/kg DMI) [132]
Buffalo Mixture of garlic bulb and peppermint oil 2.5% of DMI 50% wheat straw and 50% concentrate ↓ 7.4% (from 29.17 g/kg DMI to 27.01 g/kg DMI) [133]
Cattle
Cattle Mootral (garlic and citrus extract) 15 g/d TMR at a ratio of 47% forage and 53% concentrate ↓ 23.2% (from 19.4 g/kg DMI to 14.9 g/kg DMI) [106]
Cattle


Cattle

Cattle
Garlic powder


A mixture of mangosteen peel, garlic, and urea pellet
40 g/d

200 g/d

200 g/d
Concentrate at 5 g/kg BW with UTRS fed ad libitum

Rice straw ad libitum and concentrate were fed at 0.5% of BW
Concentrate at 0.5% of BW while rice straw was fed ad libitum
↓ 5% (from 29.3 mmol/L of VFA to 27.9 mmol/L of VFA)



↓ 6.5% (from 27.6 mmol/L of VFA to 25.8 mmol/L of VFA)
[87]

[134]

[134]

[135]
Goat
Goat Garlic oil 20–35 g 600 g/kg DM of concentrate and 400 g/kg DM of cowpea/maize silage in a ratio of 1:3 ND [109]
Sheep
Sheep ALL 2 g/head day TMR ↓ 7.7% (from 66.1 g/kg DMI to 61 g/kg DMI) [107]
Sheep FDGL 2.5 g/(kg BW0.75·d) Mixed hay plus concentrate at 60:40 ratio ↓ 10% (from 28.05 g/kg DMI to 25.34 g/kg DMI) [114]
Sheep Garlic powder 0.5% concentrate (DM) Concentrate to rice straw at ratio of 30:70 ↓ 6.6% (from 42.3 g/kg DMI to 39.5 g/kg DMI) [136]
Sheep Combined garlic essential oil and linseed oil Linseed oil (1.6 mL/kg BW) and garlic essential oil (3 μL/kg BW) Free access to a natural grassland hay 921.1 g DM/kg and concentrate 889.0 g DM/kg ↓ 19.6% (from 19.68 g/kg DMI to 15.81 g/kg DMI) [112]

BW: Body Weight; CCF: Continuous-Culture Fermenters; DAD: Diallyl Disulphide; DM: Dry Matter; DMD: Dry Matter Digestibility; DMI: Dry Matter Intake; FDGL: Freeze-Dried Garlic Leaves; HC: High Concentrate; HF: High Forage; MC: Medium Concentrate; ND: Not Determined; ALL: Allicin; PTS: Propyl Propane Thiosulphinate.