Table 4.

Overview of applications and methodology of integrating Fibre Bragg grating sensors in metal structural components.

Author	Methodology of Integrating Sensors	Measurements	Sensitivity	Applications
Li et al. [73] (2000)	Magnetron Sputtering and Electroplating	Temperature	0.0245 nm/°C	Nickel and Stainless-Steel Structures.
Li et al. [74] (2001)	Magnetron Sputtering and Electroplating	Temperature	0.021 nm/°C	Nickel and Stainless-Steel Structures
Li et al. [75] (2003)	Magnetron Sputtering and Electroplating	Strain Temperature	$1.245\times {10}^{-3}$ nm/$\mathsf{\mu }\mathsf{\epsilon }$ 0.0334 nm/°C	Monitoring the Accumulation of Residual Strain
Li et al. [76] (2004)	Layered Manufacturing	Temperature	-	Turbine Blades and others’ Rotary Metal Tooling
Alemohammad et al. [77] (2011)	Magnetron Sputtering and Electroplating	Residual Stress Temperature	21 pm/°C.	Metal Cutting Tools
Schomer et al. [78] (2017)	Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing	Temperature	-	High-Temperature Environments
Grandal et al. [79] (2018)	Laser Cladding Technology	Strain Temperature	29 pm/°C–23 pm/°C. 0.9 pm/$\mathsf{\mu }\mathsf{\epsilon }$–1 pm/$\mathsf{\mu }\mathsf{\epsilon }.$	High-Temperature Environments
Jinachandran et al. [80] (2018)	Metal Packaging using Stainless Steel and Tin	Strain Temperature	0.4456 $\mathsf{\mu }\mathsf{\epsilon }$/N 11.16 pm/°C	Iron Pipelines and other Ferromagnetic Components
Chilelli et al. [81] (2019)	Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing	Cracks	Length of 0.286 $\pm$0.033 mm	Complex Systems
Hehr et al. [82] (2020)	Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing	Residual Stress Temperature Delamination	-	Fibre-Routing Designs and Alloy Systems