Table 5.

Overview of applications and methodology of integrating Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoelectric sensors into composite structural components.

Author	Methodology of Integrating Sensors	Measurements	Sensitivity	Applications
Wu et al. [88] (2006)	Mounted on Reinforced Concrete	Damage	$1$ to $15\times {10}^{-3}$ V	Reinforced Concrete Structures
Konka et al. [89] (2011)	Open-Contact Moulding Processes	Stress Ultimate Strength	-	Composite Structures
Tang et al. [94] (2011)	Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding	Failure	-	Damage Prediction in Composites
Talakokula et al. [95] (2015)	Mounted on Reinforced Concrete	Corrosion	-	Reinforced Concrete Structures
Karayannis et al. [96] (2016)	Mounted on Reinforced Concrete	Admittance Signatures	-	Concrete Beams’ Cracking
Gopalakrishnan et al. [97] (2019)	Mounted on Reinforced Concrete	Conductance Signatures	-	Reinforced Concrete Structures
Ahmadi et al. [98] (2021)	Mounted on Reinforced Concrete	Corrosion (Electro-Mechanical Impedance)	-	Reinforced Concrete Structures
Sha et al. [99] (2021)	Encapsulation with Concrete, Epoxy Resin, and Curing Agent	Stress (Electromechanical Impedance)	-	Reinforced Concrete Structures
Huijer et al. [100] (2021)	Open-Contact Moulding Processes	Degradation Failure (Acoustic Emissions)	-	Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Plastics
Gayakwad et al. [101] (2022)	Mounted on Concrete	Damage (Electromechanical Impedance)	-	Concrete Structures
Wu et al. [90] (2022)	Mounted on Reinforced Concrete	Strain	169 to 278 pC/$\mathsf{\mu }\mathsf{\epsilon }$	Concrete Structures