Table 7.

Overview of applications and methodology of integrating different types of sensors such as Thin Dielectric Films, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Piezoelectric Sensors, Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers, and Piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in metal structural components.

Author	Methodology of Integrating Sensors	Measurements	Sensitivity	Applications
Lin et al. [91] (2001)	Open Contact-Moulding Process or Others	Damage Material Degradation	-	Metallic and Composite Structures
Hossain et al. [102] (2016)	Electron Beam Melting	Stress	0.42 to 0.53 V/kN	Pressure Tubes and Turbine Blades
Tseng et al. [103] (2018)	Casting	Temperature	0.37 $℃$/bit	Solid Metal Structural Component
Altammar et al. [104] (2018)	Sandwich Panel Manufacturing	Wave Propagation Analysis (Damage)	-	Laminate Structures
Yanaseko et al. [105] (2019)	Hot-Pressing Process	Displacement	14.0 mV/$\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{m}$	Evaluation of Viscosity Characteristics
Ramanathan et al. [106] (2021)	Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing	Strain	9.4 mV/$\mathsf{\mu }\mathsf{\epsilon }$	Functionalised Metal Structures