Table 9.
Overview of applications, type of embedded sensors used, and methodology of integrating sensors for metal structural components.
| Author | Types of Sensors | Methodology of Integrating Sensors | Measurements | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li et al. [73] (2000) |
Thin-Film Thermo-Mechanical Sensor | Laser Assisted Metal Deposition | Strain | Nickel and Stainless-Steel Structures |
| Cheng et al. [120] (2007) |
Thin-Film Thermocouple | Ultrasonic Metal Welding | Temperature | Nickel, Stainless-Steel, and Titanium Alloy Tools |
| Zhang et al. [121] (2008) |
Micro Ring Sensor | Laser-Assisted Metal Deposition | Temperature | Monitoring of Manufacturing Processes |
| Hahnlen et al. [122] (2010) |
Shape Memory NiTi Alloy | Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing | Temperature | Monitoring of Manufacturing Processes |
| Juhasz et al. [123] (2020) |
Passive Sensor-Printed | Hybrid Manufactured Metal Structure | Strain | Metal Structural Components. |
| Sholl et al. [124] (2021) |
Eddy Current Sensors | Laser Powder Bed Fusion. | Crack Propagation | Metal Structural Components. |