Figure 2.

The relationship between IH and diabetes (insulin resistance). IH is involved in the reduction of glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells via downregulation of CD38 [5] and pancreatic β cell replication by the upregulation of Reg I and hepatocyte growth factor in pancreatic β cells [62]. IH also involves the upregulation of selenoprotein P and HIP/PAP in hepatocytes via downregulation of miR-203 [17]; upregulation of adipokines such as CCL2, TNF-α, and RETN in adipocytes via downregulation of miR-452 [64]; and upregulation of myokines such as IL-8, osteonectin, and myonectin in skeletal muscle cells [65,66,67], all of which can contribute to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and obesity [69].