Table 1.
The proposed neuroprotective mechanisms of caffeine after in-vivo animal exposure to neurotoxic compounds.
| Neurotoxic Compound | Animal Species | Caffeine Dose (mg/kgbw) | Proposed Mechanisms | Consequences | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d-galactose | Rats | 3 | ↓ COX-2, NOS-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β | Reduction of OS-mediated neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. | [52] |
| AlCl3 | Rats | 1.5 | ↑ BDNF ↑ Nrf2 |
Reduction of OS-mediated neuroinflammation and apoptotic neuronal cell loss. | [56] |
| LPS | Mice | 3 | ↑ Nrf2/HO-1 ↑ TRL4 |
Reduction of OS-mediated neuroinflammation and synaptic dysregulation. | [54] |
| LPS | Mice | 40 | Modulation of glutamatergic neurotrasmition | Reduction of activated microglia and OS-mediated neuroinflammation. | [57] |
| Cd | Mice | 30 | ↑ Nrf2/HO-1 | Reduction of OS-mediated neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. | [53] |
| MPTP | Mice | 10 | Modulation of glutamatergic neurotrasmition | Neuroprotection. | [58] |
| 6-HODA | Rats | 10 or 20 | ↓ TNF-α/IL-1β | Neuroprotection. | [59] |
COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2), NOS-2 (nitric oxide synthase-2), OS (oxidative stress), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), Nrf2 (nuclear erythroid 2-related factor), HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1), LPS (lipopolysaccharides), TLR 4 (Toll-like receptor 4), MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetra-hydropyridine), 6HODA (6 hydroxydopamine).