Table 1.
The baseline characteristic data of all patients and divided according to the restenosis risk at 24 months.
| Variables | All Patients n = 369 |
No Stenosis n = 294 |
Restenosis n = 75 |
p-Value (OR; CI 95%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean ± SD (min–max) | 71.33 ± 11.61 (39–94) |
69.91 ± 11.35 (39–91) |
76.90 ± 10.97 (44–94) |
<0.0001 |
| Male/Female sex no. (%) | 190 (51.49%) 179 (48.51%) |
157 (53.30%) 137 (46.60%) |
33 (44.00%) 42 (56.00%) |
0.14 (1.45; 0.87–2.42) |
| Comorbidities and Risk factors | ||||
| AH, no. (%) | 240 (65.04%) | 181 (61.56%) | 59 (78.67%) | 0.006 (2.30; 1.26–4.19) |
| IHD, no. (%) | 146 (39.57%) | 104 (35.37%) | 42 (56.00%) | 0.001 (2.32; 1.38–3.89) |
| AF, no. (%) | 105 (28.46%) | 68 (23.13%) | 37 (49.33%) | <0.0001 (3.23; 1.90–5.48) |
| CHF, no. (%) | 84 (22.76%) | 66 (22.45%) | 18 (24.00%) | 0.77 (1.09; 0.60–1.98) |
| MI, no. (%) | 88 (23.85%) | 56 (19.05%) | 32 (42.67%) | <0.0001 (3.16; 1.83–5.44) |
| DM, no. (%) | 108 (29.27%) | 82 (27.89%) | 26 (34.67%) | 0.25 (1.37; 0.79–2.35) |
| CKD, no. (%) | 69 (18.70%) | 54 (18.37%) | 15 (20.00%) | 0.74 (1.11; 0.58–2.10) |
| PAD, no. (%) | 86 (23.31%) | 67 (22.79%) | 19 (25.33%) | 0.64 (1.14; 0.63–2.06) |
| Tobacco, no. (%) | 80 (21.68%) | 53 (18.03%) | 27 (36.00%) | 0.001 (2.55; 1.46–4.46) |
| Obesity, no. (%) | 94 (25.47%) | 67 (22.79%) | 27 (36.00%) | 0.02 (1.90; 1.10–3.28) |
| Dyslipidemia, no. (%) | 114 (30.89%) | 68 (23.13%) | 46 (61.33%) | <0.0001 (5.27; 3.07–9.02) |
| Ipsilateral ICA Stenosis | ||||
| 70–90%, no. (%) | 268 (72.62%) | 242 (82.31%) | 26 (34.67%) | <0.0001 (8.77; 4.99–15.38) |
| 90–99%, no. (%) | 101 (27.37%) | 52 (17.68%) | 49 (65.33%) | |
| Contralateral ICA Stenosis | ||||
| <50%, no. (%) | 218 (59.07%) | 176 (59.86%) | 42 (56%) | 0.54 (0.85; 0.51–1.42) |
| 50–70%, no. (%) | 89 (24.11%) | 69 (23.46%) | 20 (26.67%) | 0.56 (1.18; 0.66–2.11) |
| >70%, no. (%) | 62 (16.80%) | 49 (16.67%) | 13 (17.33%) | 0.89 (1.04; 0.53–2.05) |
| Histological Type of Carotid Plaque | ||||
| Stable Plaques, no. (%) | 213 (57.72%) | 169 (57.48%) | 44 (58.66%) | 0.85 (1.04; 0.62–1.75) |
| Fibroatheroma, no. (%) | 88 (23.85%) | 65 (22.10%) | 23 (30.67%) | 0.12 (1.55; 0.88–2.73) |
| Fibrocalcific, no. (%) | 125 (33.88%) | 104 (35.37%) | 21 (28%) | 0.22 (0.71; 0.40–1.24) |
| Unstable Plaques, no. (%) | 156 (42.28%) | 109 (37.07%) | 47 (62.67%) | 0.0001 (2.84; 1.68–4.81) |
| Thrombotic Plaque, no. (%) | 73 (19.78%) | 47 (15.98%) | 26 (34.67%) | 0.0004 (2.78; 1.57–4.92) |
| With A Thrombus in Organization, no. (%) | 41 (11.11%) | 30 (10.20%) | 11 (14.67%) | 0.27 (1.51; 0.71–3.17) |
| Thin-Cap Fibro-Atheroma, no. (%) | 26 (7.05%) | 20 (6.80%) | 6 (8%) | 0.71 (1.19; 0.46–3.07) |
| Calcified Nodule, no. (%) | 16 (4.34%) | 12 (4.08%) | 4 (5.33%) | 0.63 (1.32; 0.41–4.22) |
| Pre-Operative Drug Therapy | ||||
| Anticoagulant, no. (%) | 95 (25.75%) | 78 (26.53%) | 17 (22.67%) | 0.49 (0.81; 0.44–1.47) |
| Antiplatelet, no. (%) | 178 (48.24%) | 153 (52.04%) | 25 (33.33%) | 0.004 (0.46; 0.27–0.78) |
| Statins, no. (%) | 222 (60.16%) | 184 (62.59%) | 38 (50.67%) | 0.06 (0.61; 0.36–1.02) |
| Ezetimibe, no. (%) | 77 (20.86%) | 68 (23.12%) | 9 (12%) | 0.03 (0.45; 0.21–0.95) |
| PCSK9I, no. (%) | 21 (5.69%) | 18 (6.12%) | 3 (4%) | 0.48 (0.63; 0.18–2.22) |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin g/dL median (Q1–Q3) |
13.7 (12.5–14.86) | 13.81 (12.75–14.99) | 13.2 (10.96–14.4) | 0.0004 |
| Hematocrit % median (Q1–Q3) |
41.9 (38.2–45) | 42.0 (39.02–45.01) | 41.23 (34.27–44.5) | 0.003 |
| Glucose mg/dL median (Q1–Q3) |
115 (95–145.8) | 110 (94–133.7) | 146 (120.75–173.75) | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol mg/dL median (Q1–Q3) |
178.2 (146.4–215.2) | 177.75 (148.02–214.07) | 180.1 (146–239.25) | 0.09 |
| Triglyceride mg/dL median (Q1–Q3) |
119.1 (90.7–165.3) | 117.35 (93.55–163.67) | 123.1 (81.4–170.15) | 0.22 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) median (Q1–Q3) |
76.06 (57.47–92.24) | 77.93 (63.28–93.46) | 62.44 (37.42–86.08) | <0.0001 |
| BUN mg/dL median (Q1–Q3) |
41.1 (31.2–54.8) | 39.15 (30.05–50.6) | 51.2 (37.75–97.2) | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine mg/dL median (Q1–Q3) |
0.90 (0.76–1.12) | 0.89 (0.75–1.08) | 1.10 (0.78–1.52) | 0.0003 |
| Neutrophils ×10³/µL median (Q1–Q3) |
4.78 (3.47–7.12) | 4.33 (3.33–6.04) | 7.79 (5.43–9.85) | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocytes ×10³/µL median (Q1–Q3) |
2.10 (1.48–2.87) | 2.35 (1.70–3.19) | 1.36 (0.79–1.72) | <0.0001 |
| Monocyte ×10³/µL median (Q1–Q3) |
0.53 (0.4–0.72) | 0.51 (0.4–0.68) | 0.60 (0.4–0.92) | 0.003 |
| PLT ×10³/µL median (Q1–Q3) |
234 (189.4–280) | 234 (188.62–277.57) | 240.9 (199–323.85) | 0.03 |
| MLR, median (Q1–Q3) | 0.24 (0.16–0.41) | 0.22 (0.15–0.31) | 0.50 (0.32–0.73) | <0.0001 |
| NLR, median (Q1–Q3) | 2.37 (1.25–4.68) | 1.82 (1.15–3.19) | 6.38 (4.39–9.06) | <0.0001 |
| PLR, median (Q1–Q3) | 106.49 (79.95–160.84) | 97.01 (74.88–134.3) | 206.77 (128.17–307.96) | <0.0001 |
| SII, median (Q1–Q3) | 528.57 (302.95–1089.97) | 433.84 (265.83–744.45) | 1635.22 (1039.23–2795.66) | <0.0001 |
| SIRI, median (Q1–Q3) | 1.06 (0.62–2.80) | 0.92 (0.56–1.74) | 4.31 (2.69–5.66) | <0.0001 |
| AISI, median (Q1–Q3) | 265.39 (136.85–666.86) | 209.2 (125.01–419.96) | 1095.2 (593.47–1721.68) | <0.0001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Mortality, no. (%) | 38 (10.30%) | 18 (6.12%) | 20 (26.67%) | <0.0001 (5.57; 2.77–11.22) |
| Length of hospital stay, mean ± SD |
3.93 ± 0.85 | 3.93 ± 0.79 | 4.07 ± 1.06 | 0.054 |
AH = arterial hypertension; IHD = ischemic heart disease; AF = atrial fibrillation; CHF = chronic heart failure; MI = myocardial infarction; DM = diabetes mellitus; CKD = chronic kidney disease; PAD = peripheral arterial disease; ICA = internal carotid artery; PCSK9i = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 inhibitors; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; PLT = total platelet count; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; MLR = monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR = neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR = platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII = systemic inflammatory index; SIRI = systemic inflammation response index; AISI = aggregate index of systemic inflammation.