Table 6.

Changes within the control group (n = 20) during the 12-week study period.

	Mean ± S.E		Z	p
	Baseline	12 Weeks
Weight (kg)	63.64 ± 12.26	62.67 ± 11.68	−2.296	0.022 *
BMI (kg/m2)	24.00 ± 3.09	23.57 ± 2.94	−2.515	0.012 *
Waist circumference (cm)	77.83 ± 17.95	80.46 ± 9.42	−1.457	0.145
Body composition and muscle mass (Inbody-720)
Body fat mass (kg)	19.10 ± 4.58	17.81 ± 4.38	−3.436	0.001 **
Body fat (%)	30.17 ± 5.37	28.54 ± 5.50	−3.585	<0.001 ***
Fat-free mass (kg)	44.49 ± 9.79	44.86 ± 9.67	−1.945	0.052
Lean body mass (kg)	41.97 ± 9.31	42.35 ± 9.21	−2.113	0.035 *
Lean body mass index (kg/m2)	15.76 ± 2.30	15.90 ± 2.23	−2.128	0.033 *
Skeletal muscle mass (kg)	24.46 ± 5.97	24.75 ± 5.94	−2.218	0.027 *
Skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2)	9.17 ± 1.54	9.28 ± 1.50	−2.133	0.033 *
Body composition and muscle mass (DXA)
Lean body mass (kg)	41.57 ± 9.82	41.97 ± 9.27	−0.971	0.332
Lean body mass index (kg/m2)	15.71 ± 2.40	15.77 ± 2.43	−0.896	0.370
Body fat mass (kg)	19.28 ± 3.81	19.13 ± 3.37	−0.299	0.765
Body fat (%)	31.80 ± 4.23	31.64 ± 4.36	−1.090	0.276
Bone mineral density (g/cm2)	1.15 ± 0.10	1.14 ± 0.11	−1.139	0.255
T-score	0.54 ± 0.70	0.39 ± 1.12	−1.101	0.271
Muscle strength
Hand grip strength (kg)	28.73 ± 10.17	29.79 ± 8.43	−1.248	0.212
Push-ups (reps)	17.95 ± 15.74	35.90 ± 16.12	−3.921	<0.001 ***
Plank (s)	135.45 ± 73.58	140.85 ± 64.41	−0.483	0.629
Physical performance (senior fitness test)
Chair stand test (reps/30 s)	16.85 ± 5.10	23.55 ± 4.99	−3.779	<0.001 ***
Bicep curl test (reps/30 s)	18.10 ± 6.11	23.40 ± 3.93	−3.303	0.001 **
2.44 m up-and-go test (s)	4.76 ± 0.93	4.81 ± 0.78	−0.093	0.926
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm)	8.96 ± 9.40	12.83 ± 9.00	−2.704	0.007 **
Back scratch test (cm)	−3.80 ± 10.48	−4.15 ± 11.38	−0.078	0.938
2 min step test (steps/2 min)	109.75 ± 17.44	137.85 ± 16.98	−3.920	<0.001 ***

*** p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.