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. 2022 Oct 25;11(21):3362. doi: 10.3390/cells11213362

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The proposed diagram for the pathogenesis and treatments of DR and DME. Anti-VEGF, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor; Ang-2, angiopoietin 2; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-6R, interleukin 6 receptor; NADPH, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Tie2, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and epidermal growth factor-like domains 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor.