Table 1.

List of reported genes that control seed size and yield in different plants.

Species	Genes or Mutants	Function	References
Arabidopsis	IKU1, IKU2, and MINI3	Early cellularization of endosperm produces smaller seeds	[19,20]
Arabidopsis	TFL1	Timely endosperm cellularization enhances seed size	[21]
Arabidopsis	SHB1	Up-regulates the functions of IKU2 and MINI 3 and postpones endosperm cellularization, producing larger seeds	[22,23]
Arabidopsis	TTG2	Identifies integument cell elongation and endosperm growth as the primary regulators of seed size	[24]
Arabidopsis	TOP1α and UPF1	The molecular interplay among these three genes explains their biparental gametophytic effect on seed size regulation	[25]
Arabidopsis	LuLEA1	Negatively regulates seed size and yield	[26]
Arabidopsis	AN3-YDA	Disrupts normal sucrose and glucose contents and alters seed size regulation in an3 or yda mutants	[27]
Arabidopsis	EIN3-YDA	Both are integral to a sugar-mediated metabolism cascade that regulates seed mass by maternally controlling embryo size	[28]
Arabidopsis	DME	Enhances DNA de-methylation activity and endosperm chromatin composition	[29]
Arabidopsis	CYCB1;4	Overexpressed in transgenic plants to show increased seed size in response to faster cell cycle progression to increase grain size and yield	[30]
Arabidopsis	FIS2, FIS3, FIE, MEA, and MSI1	Control endosperm development	[31]
Arabidopsis	AGL62	Regulates endosperm development by the FIX	[32]
Arabidopsis	PHE1	Controls seed abortion by mea mutant	[33]
Arabidopsis	CDKs and CYC	Control cell cycle development	[34]
Arabidopsis	RBR	Decreases the cell proliferation in the integuments and stops further development of seed coat	[35]
Arabidopsis	AtENO2	Decreases the size of seed and mass with the declined concentration of cytokinin	[36]
Arabidopsis	MET1 and DDM1	DNA methylation of maternal and paternal genome regulates seed size	[37]
Arabidopsis	FIS2, FWA, and MPC	Regulate parental imprinting by DNA methylation	[38,39,40]
Arabidopsis	MEA	It plays the role as a maternal buffer of paternal effects on seed development	[41]
Arabidopsis	PRC2	Controls turgor pressure during seed development	[42]
Arabidopsis	AtSOB3	Produces heavy and larger seeds with long hypocotyl	[43]
Arabidopsis	p4-siRNAs	Expressions are observed in maternal gametophytes and continue until endosperm development	[44]
Arabidopsis	CEPR1	Promotes reproductive parts including seed size and yield	[45]
Arabidopsis	CYCD3:1 and CYCD7:1	Promote early endosperm and embryo development	[46,47]
Arabidopsis	AtbZIP75	Regulates seed development	[36]
Rice	OsEMF2a	Delayed cellularization and autonomic endosperm development	[48]
Rice	GLW7	Controls grain size and yield	[49]
Rice	OsGW2	Regulates grain size and reduces rice yield	[50]
Rice	GS3	Regulates grain length	[51]
Rice	OML4	Negatively regulates seed size by terminating cell expansion	[52]
Rice	qGL7	Could display a single mendelian characteristic, suggested as producing diverse seed shapes	[53]
Rice	qGL11	Regulates rice grain weight and length	[18]
Rice	MIS2	Controls grain size by coordinately regulating epidermal cell size and cell number	[54]
Rice	MADS78 and MADS79	Regulate endosperm cellularization and early seed formation in rice	[55]
Maize	miRNAs	Control embryogenesis via transcriptional regulation	[56]
Maize	GSI, qZmGW2-CHR4, zMgs3, and qZmGW2-CHR5	Control kernel size and grain production	[57,58,59]
Maize	ZmBZR1	It attaches to the promoter region of GRACE and KRP6 to control their expression and regulate seed size	[60]
Wheat	TaGW2	Controls grain weight	[61]
Cotton	MicroRNA160	Regulates smaller seed size	[62]
Bean	SL9.1 GA	Controls seed length	[63]
Rapeseed	BnaEOD3	Negatively regulates the seed growth and development	[64]
Soybean	GmSWEET10a and GmSWEET10b	Change seed size, oil quantity, and protein contents	[15]
Soybean	qSL-13-3zy, -13-4zy, and qSW-13-4zy	Control seed size and yield	[65]
Soybean	GmKIX8-1	Increases cell proliferation and size of aerial plant organs such as leaves and seeds with high expression of CYCLIN D3;1-10	[66]
Peanut	SNE and SAP	Regulate seed and fruit size	[67]