Table 5.
n-Hexane residues in food and health food products.
| Product | Type of Product | Highest Detected n-Hexane Concentration (mg/kg) | LOD; LOQ (mg/kg) | Analytical Method a | n-Hexane Concentration > LOQ/Total Analysed Products | Products Origin Country | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Refined oil | Frying oil | 0.009 | 0.003; 0.005 | SPME-GC-FID | 14/40 | Iran | [108] |
| Blended oil | 0.010 | ||||||
| Sunflower oil | 0.005 | ||||||
| Corn oil | 0.018 | ||||||
| Canola oil | 0.043 | ||||||
| Orujo oil | 3 | 0.7; 2.3 | HS-MS | 2/50 | Spain | [109] | |
| Primrose oil | 0.70 | 0.004; 0.125 | HS-GC-FID | 3/14 | Poland | [110] | |
| Soybean oil | 1.4 | N.A.; 0.5 | HS-GC-FID | 8/87 | Korea | [111] | |
| Sesame oil | 0.9 | ||||||
| Chinese pepper oil | 1.2 | ||||||
| Rice-bran oil | 0.7 | ||||||
| Corn oil Margarine |
0.6 2.8 |
||||||
| Olive oil | 0.400 | 0.003; 0.005 | SPME-GC-FID | 12/16 | N.A. | [112] | |
| Rape seed oil | 0.233 | ||||||
| Sunflower oil | 0.005 | ||||||
| Soybean oil | 0.055 | ||||||
| Pumpkin oil | 0.056 | ||||||
| Grape seed oil | 0.011 | ||||||
| Commercial frying oil | 11.10 | 1.20; 5.05 | HS-SPME-GC-FID | 6/10 | Iran | [113] | |
| Semi-solid oil | 10.00 | ||||||
| Sunflower oil | 2.688 | N.A.; 0.25 | HS-GC-FID | 3/4 | Malaysia | [114] | |
| Corn oil | 0.358 | ||||||
| Sesame oil | 0.602 | ||||||
| Palm oil | 0.126 | ||||||
| Commercial foods and health food products | ω -3 Fatty acid containing oils | 0.66 | 0.16; 0.47 | HS-GC-MS | N.A./60 | Korea | [115] |
| γ-Linolenic acid containing oils | 0.44 | ||||||
| Conjugated linoleic acid | 1.09 | ||||||
| Lecithin | 0.85 | ||||||
| Octacosanol containing oils | 0.54 | ||||||
| Lutein | 0.50 | ||||||
| Extract of Oenothera biennis | 0.26 | ||||||
| Coenzyme Q-10 | 0.12 | ||||||
| Phosphatidylserine | 0.81 | ||||||
| Commercial products containing annatto extracts as colourant | 0.7 | 0.01; 0.30 | HS-GC-FID | 2/23 | Japan | [116] |
a SPME, solid phase micro-extraction; GC, gas chromatography; FID, flame-ionisation detector; HS, headspace sampler; MS, mass detector; N.A., not available.