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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
In vitro mechanical loading methods applied for PDL investigations. Schematic representation of the in vitro mechanical loading methods adopted in the reviewed studies for exposing PDL cells cultured in 2D layers or in 3D constructs to compression, stretch, and shear stress stimuli.