ALL	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ADA2	Adenosine deaminase 2
AOSD	Adult-onset Still’s disease
AGEs	Advanced glycation end products
AHSP	Alpha hemoglobin-stabilizing protein
ACR	American College of Rheumatology
ACR 50	American College of Rheumatology score = at least 50% improvement in disease activity
ANK	Anakinra
ANAs	Antinuclear antibodies
Arg-1	Arginase-1
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
ADs	Autoimmune diseases
AID	Autoinflammatory disease
bDMARDs	Biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
S100A12	Calgranulin C
CP, or S100A8/A9, or MRP8/14	Calprotectin
CAN	Canakinumab
CASP8	Caspase-8
CCL23	C-C motif chemokine ligand 23
CDC	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CNS	Central nervous system
CXCL1…11	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1…11
CCL2	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
CXCL9	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9
CXCL10	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10
CX3CR1	Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1
CID	Clinically inactive disease
CD	Cluster of differentiation
CD163	Cluster of differentiation 163
CLPs	Common lymphoid progenitors
CBC	Complete blood count
CTD	Connective tissue disease
cNK	Conventional NK
csDMARDs	Conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
CS	Corticosteroid
CRP	C-reactive protein
CSS	Cytokine storm syndrome
DAMP	Damage-associated molecular pattern
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DEGs	Differentially expressed genes
DMARDs	Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
EHEC	Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EBV	Epstein–Barr virus
EBV-HLH	Epstein–Barr-virus-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
ESR	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
fHLH	Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
FMF	Familial Mediterranean fever
FasL	Fas ligand
FUO	Fever of unknown origin
Fg	Fibrinogen
FSTL-1	Follistatin-like protein 1
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
CFA	Freund’s complete adjuvant
GEO	Gene Expression Omnibus
G-CSF	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GM-CSF	Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GZMK	Granzyme K
HCs	Healthy controls
HSC	Hematopoietic stem cell
HLH	Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
HMGB1	High-mobility group box-1
hsCRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HLA	Human leukocyte antigen
Igs	Immunoglobulins
ILCs	Innate lymphoid cells
ILC1	“Unconventional” NK cells
ICAM-5	Intercellular adhesion molecule 5
IFN-α	Interferon-alpha
IFN-γ	Interferon-gamma
IRF5	Interferon regulatory factor 5
IL-1, IL-6, IL-18	Interleukin 1, 6, 18
IL-18Rβ	IL-18β receptor
IL-1 alpha, IL-1α; IL-1 beta, IL-1β	Interleukin 1 alpha, beta
IL-1Ra	Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
IL10RA	Interleukin-10 receptor, alpha subunit
IL6ST	Interleukin-6 signal transducer
IL-18BP	IL-18-binding protein
ICAM-1	Intracellular adhesion molecule 1
IV	Intravenous
JDM	Juvenile dermatomyositis
JIA	Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
JADAS	Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score
KD	Kawasaki disease
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LRG	Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein
LRG1	Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1
LPSs	Lipopolysaccharides
CD62L	L-selectin
LCLs	Lymphoblastoid cell lines
M	Macrophage
M1	M1 macrophages (encourage inflammation)
M2	M2 macrophages (decrease inflammation and encourage tissue repair)
MAS	Macrophage activation syndrome
sJIA-MAS	Macrophage activation syndrome in sJIA
MIF	Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
MHC	Major histocompatibility complex
MMP1	Matrix metalloproteinase 1
MMP3	Matrix metalloproteinase 3
MEFV	Mediterranean fever
MTX	Methotrexate
MAPKs	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCP1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
MIS-C	Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
MPO–DNA complexes	Myeloperoxidase–DNA complexes
MRP	Myeloid-related protein
MRP8	Myeloid-related protein 8
MRP14	Myeloid-related protein 14
NCR2 or NKp44	Natural cytotoxicity-triggering receptor 2
NK	Natural killer
NKT	Natural killer T
NCAM or CD56	Neural cell adhesion molecule, also called CD56
NETs	Neutrophil extracellular traps
NETosis	NET activation and release
NLR	NOD-like receptor
NSAIDs	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
nsJIA	Non-systemic forms of JIA
NFIL3	Nuclear factor, interleukin 3-regulated gene
NF-κB or NF-kappaB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NOD	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization
NLRP	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and Pyrin domain
NLRP3	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3
NLRs	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors = NOD-like receptors
No.	Number; Latin “numero”, the ablative case of “numerus”
PAMP	Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
PRRs	Pattern-recognition receptors
PRINTO	Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization
PRF1	Perforin 1
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PMLs or PMNLs	Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
PMN	Polymorphonuclear neutrophil
+	Present
±	Present/absent
pHLH	Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
PCT	Procalcitonin
PD-L1	Programmed death ligand-1
PKC	Protein kinase C
qRT-PCR	Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
TNFSF11	Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, RANKL
RAGE	Receptor for advanced glycation end products
rIL-1Ra	Recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist
rr	Reference range
R	Response
RMD	Rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease
RF	Rheumatoid factor
S100A9	S100 calcium-binding protein A9
MS score	Score for sJIA-MAS
sec-HLH	Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
SAA	Serum amyloid A
sCP	Serum calprotectin
sPCT	Serum procalcitonin
SIF	Severe infections
SNP	Single-nucleotide polymorphism
sCD163	Soluble cluster of differentiation 163
sCD25 or sIL2RA	Soluble IL-2 receptor alpha chain, or soluble IL2RA
sRAGE	Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products
sTNFR-I	Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I
sTNFR-II	Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II
sTNF-R II/I	Soluble TNF receptor II/I
SF	Synovial fluid
sJIA	Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
SLE	Systemic lupus erythematosus
TCR	T-cell receptor
Th cells, CD4+ or CD4-positive	T-helper cells, or CD4+ cells, or CD4-positive cells
trNK	Tissue-resident (tr)NK
TWEAK	TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis
TCZ	Tocilizumab
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TAMs	Tumor-associated macrophages
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR1	Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1
FcγRIII	Type III Fcγ receptor
WGCNA	Weighted gene co-expression network analysis
WT	Wild type
Increasing/high	↑
Very high	↑↑
Decreasing/low	↓
Very low	↓↓