[Ca2+]I	Intracellular Ca2+
A. muciniphila	Akkermansia muciniphila
AhR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AJs	Adherens junctions
AmEVs	A. muciniphila-originated EVs
AMP	Antimicrobial peptide
AMPK	Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
AOS	Alginate-oligosaccharides
B. fragilis	Bacteroides fragilis
BiCM	B. infantis conditioned medium
CaMKKβ	Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β
CaSR	Calcium-sensing receptor
CD	Crohn’s disease
CDX2	Caudal type homeobox 2
CLR	C-type lectin-like receptor
COS	Chitin/chitosan-oligosaccharides
CRC	Colorectal cancer
DA	Degree of acetylation
DD	Degree of deacetylation
DON	Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol
DP	Degree of polymerization
DSS	Dextran sulfate sodium
E. coli	Escherichia coli
EcN	Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
EHEC	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ETEC	Enteropathogenic E. coli
EVs	Extracellular vesicles
F. prausnitzii	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
F-actin	Filamentous actin
FITC-D	Fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
FOS	Fructooligosaccharides
GAPs	GTPase-activating proteins
GDIs	Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors
GEFs	Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
GI	Gastrointestinal
GJs	Gap junctions
GlcNAc	N-acetyl-d-glucosamine
GOS	Galactooligosaccharides
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HFD	High-fat diet
HMOs	Human milk oligosaccharides
HMW	High MW COS
IAPS	γ-irradiated Astragalus polysaccharide
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS	Irritable bowel syndrome
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IECs	Intestinal epithelial cells
IgA	Immunoglobulin A
IL	Interleukin
INF-γ	Interferon-γ
IP3	D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
JAM	Junctional adhesion molecules
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
KMOS	Konjac MOS
LKB1	Liver Kinase B1
LMW	Low MW
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LY	Lucifer yellow
MAMPs	Microbial-associated molecular patterns
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCD	Methionine-choline-deficient
MD	Microbiota-dependent
MID	Microbiota-independent
MLC-2	Myosin II regulatory light chain
MLCK	Myosin light chain kinase
MOS	Mannan-oligosaccharides
MR	Mannose receptor
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
MW	Molecular weight
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NDOs	Non-digestible oligosaccharides
NM 2	Non-muscle myosin 2
NOD	Non-obese diabetic
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OMVs	Outer membrane vesicles
PD	Polydispersity
PDZ	PSD95–DlgA–ZO-1 homology
PI3K	Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase/phosphoinositide 3-kinases
PKC	Protein kinase C
PLC	Phospholipase C
PMA	Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
POS	Pectic-oligosaccharides
PP	Paracellular permeability
PP	Protein phosphatase
PRRs	Pattern recognition receptors
ROCK	Rho-associated coiled coil containing protein kinase
SAP	Severe acute pancreatitis
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
SHIME	Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem
SIGNR1	Specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin-related 1
SLPs	Surface layer proteins
SOS	Soybean oligosaccharides
TAMPS	TJ-associated MARVEL proteins
TEER	Transepithelial electrical resistance
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-β
TJ	Tight junction
TLR	Toll-like receptor
UAOS	Unsaturated AOS
UC	Ulcerative colitis
UroA	Urolithin A
XOS	Xylooligosaccharides
ZO	Zonula occludens