Table 2.
Chemical quality of milk and milk products in West Africa 1.
| Country | Milk Product | Chemical Hazard | Concentration | Prevalence n/N 2 (%) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mycotoxins | |||||
| Benin | Wagashi cheese | Aflatoxin M1 | Not detected | Not detected | [118] |
| Nigeria | Powdered milk | Aflatoxin M1 | 0.136 µg/kg | 19/83 (22.9) | [119] |
| Nigeria | Raw cow milk | Aflatoxin M1 | 0.665 µg/L | 10/10 (100.0) | [120] |
| Nono | 0.924 µg/L | 10/10 (100.0) | |||
| Kindirmo | 0.575 µg/L | 10/10 (100.0) | |||
| Nigeria | Raw cow milk | Aflatoxin M1 | 3000–7000 ng/L | NR 3 | [121] |
| Wara cheese | |||||
| Nigeria | Raw cow milk (Nomadic) | Aflatoxin M1 | 0.531 µg/L | 16/20 (80.0) | [122] |
| Raw cow milk (Commercial) | 0.058 µg/L | 5/20 (25.0) | |||
| Nono | 0.592 µg/L | 7/20 (35.0) | |||
| Yogurt | 0.615 µg/L | 2/20 (10.0) | |||
| Cheese | 0.588 µg/L | 8/20 (40.0) | |||
| Antimicrobial Residues | |||||
| Ghana | Raw cow milk | Antibiotic residues | NR | 7/224 (3.1) | [106] |
| Mali | Raw milk | Antibiotic residues | NR | 14/220 (6) | [123] |
| Niger | Raw milk | Antibiotic residues | NR | 19/192 (9.9) | [124] |
| Nigeria | Raw Goat Milk (red Sokoto breed) | Penicillin | 0.282 ppm | 100/100 (100) | [125] |
| Amoxicillin | 0.123 ppm | 100/100 (100) | |||
| Raw Goat Milk (West African dwarf breed) | Penicillin | 0.257 ppm | 66/66 (100) | ||
| Amoxicillin | 0.108 ppm | 66/66 (100) | |||
| Nigeria | Raw cow milk | Penicillin G | 15.22 µg/L | 135/328 (41.1) | [126] |
| Wara cheese | 8.24 µg/L | 73/180 (40.2) | |||
| Nono fermented milk | 7.60 µg/L | 22/90 (24.4) | |||
| Senegal | Raw cow milk | Chloramphenicol | NR | 32/41 (78.0) | [127] |
| Pesticide Residues | |||||
| Ghana | Raw milk | Lindane | <LD 4 | 13/20 (66.0) | [128] |
| Aldrin | 0.22 μg/kg | 12/20 (61.0) | |||
| Endosulfan | 0.60 μg/kg | 14/20 (72.0) | |||
| p,p′-DDE 5 | 1.42 μg/kg | 16/20 (82.0) | |||
| Dieldrin | 1.32 μg/kg | 17/20 (83.0) | |||
| p,p′-DDT 6 | 12.53 μg/kg | 15/20 (75.0) | |||
| Yogurt | Lindane | 0.02 μg/kg | 41/60 (68.0) | ||
| Aldrin | 0.07 μg/kg | 43/60 (72.0) | |||
| Endosulfan | 0.06 μg/kg | 44/60 (74.0) | |||
| p,p′-DDE | 0.88 μg/kg | 55/60 (91.0) | |||
| Dieldrin | 0.11 μg/kg | 43/60 (72.0) | |||
| p,p′-DDT | 7.38 μg/kg | 57/60 (95.0) | |||
| Cheese | Lindane | <LD–4.41 μg/kg | 51/60 (85.0) | ||
| Aldrin | 2.36 μg/kg | 44/60 (73.0) | |||
| Endosulfan | 3.42 μg/kg | 37/60 (62.0) | |||
| p,p′-DDE | 106.91 μg/kg | 56/60 (94.0) | |||
| Dieldrin | 7.42 μg/kg | 43/60 (71.0) | |||
| p,p′-DDT | 118.25 μg/kg | 57/60 (95.0) | |||
1 Adapted from [39]. 2 Number of positive samples/total number of samples. 3 Not reported. 4 Limit of detection. 5 Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. 6 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.