Table 4.

Rootstock-induced dwarfing effects in citrus scion growth.

Scion Cultivar	Rootstock	Traits	Key Findings	References
‘Shatangjyu’ mandarin	Eleven different types of rootstocks.	Hormone levels, scion growth, enzyme activity, and metabolite profile measurements.	‘Shantangju’ mandarin scion cultivar grafted onto ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock produces dwarf plants. For high-density citrus cultivations, ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock can be the best option under net house conditions.	[1]
‘Valencia’ sweet orange	Fifty-one different hybrid rootstocks.	Evaluations were made on tree strength and survival rate, fruit output and quality, drought tolerance, and graft compatibility.	Compared to conventional rootstocks, the scion canopy volume of three selected citrandarins of ‘Sunki’ mandarin (C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka) ‘Flying Dragon’ decreased by 70%.	[17]
‘Salustiana’ orange	‘Troyer citrange’, ‘Trifoliate orange’, ‘Rangpur lime’, ‘Carrizo citrange’, ‘Rough lemon’	Mineral analysis, scion vigor, and photosynthetic processes.	The primary shoot length of the ‘Salustiana’ scion grafted onto the Rough lemon rootstock was the longest. In addition, the ‘Rough lemon’ rootstock had a vigorous root system, which improved its ability to absorb minerals and nutrients.	[2]
‘Kinnow’ mandarin	‘Karna Khatta’, ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur lime’, ‘Troyer carrizo’, ‘citrange’, ‘sour orange’, ‘Jatti Khatti’	Mineral absorption capability and root morphology.	Higher mineral uptake was associated with a stronger root system (total root length, number of forks, and root tips), which can directly impact nutrient uptake.	[81]
‘Shatangju’ mandarin	‘Rough lemon’, ‘Fragrant orange’ ‘Canton lemon’, ‘Shatangju mandarin’, ‘Red tangerine’	Measurement of scion growth, RNA Seq, hormonal levels, qRT-PCR.	Scion vigor was significantly and positively associated with IAA and GA contents. Moreover, qRT-PCR revealed that IAA content and growth vigor were inversely linked with the expression levels of ARF1, GH3, ARF8, and IAA4.	[40]
‘Lemon’	‘Jatti Khatti’, ‘Attani-2’, ‘Rough lemon’, ‘RLC-4’, ‘Billikhichlli’, ‘Sour orange’, ‘Troyer citrange’ ‘Karna Khatta’,	Tee growth, yield, quality, and leaf nutrient concentrations.	Dwarfing rootstocks were less responsive to N, K, Ca, and Mg, and most of the micronutrients from the root medium.	[82]
‘Valencia’ orange	‘Flying Dragon’, ‘Rubidoux’	Production of biomass, hydraulic resistance, measures of gas exchange, xylem anatomy, and transport of 13C photoassimilates.	Rootstock-induced dwarfing in ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock may be due to lowered hydraulic conductivity.	[79]
‘Lane Late’ navel orange	‘C. macrophylla’, ‘C. volkameriana’ ‘Gou Tou Chen’, ‘Cleopatra mandarin’	Variables affecting fruit quality, yield, and growth.	Citrus rootstocks have a discernible impact on the fruit quality, yield, and vegetative growth of ‘Lane Late’ oranges. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Gou Tou Chen’ were the most suitable rootstocks for Lane Late scion cultivar under growing circumstances with thick and calcareous soil.	[83]
‘Kinnow’ mandarin	‘Rough lemon’, ‘Kinnow’, ‘Rangpur line’	Measurement of different morphological traits.	Among all evaluated rootstocks, ‘Rough lemon’ was found to be the most vigorous, while ‘Rangpur lime’ exhibited dwarf characteristics for Kinnow scion cultivar under agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha.	[84]
‘Marisol’ clementine	‘Swingle citrumelo’, ‘Sour orange, Carrizo citrange’, ‘Cleopatra mandarin/,	Measurements of vegetative growth parameters, yield, and fruit quality.	In high-density plantings under Egyptian circumstances, ‘Carrizo citrange’, ‘Swingle citrumelo’, and ‘Cleopatra mandarin’ are found to be effective rootstocks for ‘Marisol’ clementines.	[85]
‘Navelina;	Three different rootstocks (#23, #24, and F&A 418)	Vegetative growth, reproductive growth, hormonal analysis, photosynthetic measurements, and carbohydrate analysis.	The F&A 418 and #23 rootstocks result in dwarfing plants by promoting higher fruit and reproductive development, which slows summer vegetative growth.	[86]
‘Eureka’ lemon	‘Flying Dragon’, ‘Swingle citrumelo’, ‘Trifoliate orange’	Dry matter of different parts, endogenous IAA and ABA concentrations.	IAA levels were highest in the fresh shoots of ‘Swingle citrumelo’ and lowest in the ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock.	[78]