Table 2.
Results obtained by applying different extraction techniques to the model mixture.
| Extraction Technique | LLE | SPE | SPME | SBSE | HSSE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detected compounds (/24) | 23 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 |
| Handling time * | 3 h | 1 h | 0.2 h | 0.2 h | |
| Sample amount | 50 mL | 13 mL | 3 mL | 3 mL | |
| Solvent amount | 200 mL | 10 mL | - | - | |
| Quantitative analysis | +++ | +++ | + | + | |
| Automation | Low | High | High | Moderate | |
| Cost per analysis | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
| Cost of instrumentation | Low | High | Moderate | High | |
* in this study, all extractions were carried out manually. “+++”: 20% > x ≥ 1%; “+”: 0.1% > x ≥ 0.01%. “-“: not relevant.