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. 2022 Oct 28;14(21):5317. doi: 10.3390/cancers14215317

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Gut microbiota, Th17 cells, and IL-17 families. (a) HFD can induce the dysregulation of gut microbiota and reduce the level of SCFAs. Low levels of SCFAs activate the MCP-1/CCR2 axis, which promotes the recruitment and polarization of M2 TAMs. Lactobacillus metabolizes dietary tryptophan into indole, which can activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to transform TAMs to immunosuppressive phenotype. (b) LPS released by Escherichia coli can upregulate CTSK secretion and induce M2 polarization of TAMs. Dysregulation of ETBF can also induce M2 polarization of TAMs. M2-polarized TAMs can inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), recruit Tregs, and release PGE2 and TGF-β to change the TME to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. (c) A. muciniphila induces TLR2/NLRP3-mediated recruitment and polarization of M1 TAMs.