Table 2.

Animal Behaviour Pro Ethogram. All behaviors were considered to be states, and the state of each individual penguin was recorded every minute during each 10-min observation period. Aggression, copulatory behavior, and allo-preening were analyzed as all-occurrence behaviors to support comparisons with Zoo Monitor data.

Behavior	Definition
Aggression	Subject is engaged in an agonistic interaction with another penguin (initiating or receiving) including pecking, vocalizing in close proximity, charging, chasing, territorial display etc.
Copulatory behaviors	Subjects will stack vertically on top of each other and flap wings, fertilization is internal.
Interacting with Aquarist	Receiving fish, receiving care or preening, or within a close proximity to Aquarium staff.
Kennel	Subject is inside of a nest box.
Laying	Subject is on the ground of the exhibit with the keel touching the floor.
Standing	Subject is on the ground of the exhibit with keel off of the ground
Swimming	Subject is in the pool on the surface with head and beak still out of the water
Porpoising	Subject is using the pool and jumps all the way out of the water. Usually accompanied by bursts of speed underwater.
Dive swimming	Subject’s whole body is submerged in the pool.
Self-Preening	Subject is using beak to groom feathers of themselves
Allopreening	Subject is using beak to groom feathers of another bird. Use the receiver function
At window	Within 0.2 m of exhibit glass on both panels on the sides of the pool.
Out of view	Subject has been removed from exhibit by a keeper.