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. 2022 Oct 27;11(21):2875. doi: 10.3390/plants11212875

Table 2.

Examples of AMF alleviating biotic stress in tropical legume crops.

Biotic Stress Pathogen Species Observed Biotic Stress Effects Host Plant AMF Species Observed Mycorrhizal Effects References
Bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea

  1. Leaf chlorosis, lesions on soybean pods and discoloration of the stem

 Soybean (Glycine max) Entrophospora infrequens, Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Racocetra fulgida

  1. Entrophospora infrequens greatly reduced Pseudomonas syringae colonization

 [121,122]
Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae

  1. Water-soaked leaves which develop into dark brown spots

 Barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) Glomus intraradices 1, Glomus versiforme 2 and Gigaspora gigantea

  1. Upregulation of defense related genes

  2. Reduced disease symptoms and bacterium population in leaves

 [123,124]
Fungi Macrophomina phaseolina

  1. Caused root rot, and reduced root biomass and length

  2. Reduced aerial biomass, number of pods and leaves, plant height and greenness index

 Soybean (Glycine max) Rhizophagus irregularis

  1. Increased pod number, plant height and root biomass

  2. Reduced disease incidence and severity

 [125]
Soybean (Glycine max) Rhizophagus irregularis

  1. Upregulation of pathogenesis/disease-resistance proteins

  2. Increased lignin production

 [126]
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Glomus fasciculatum 3, Glomus constrictum 4, Glomus intraradices 1, Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora sp. and Sclerocystis sp.

  1. Increased plant height, fresh and dry weight, pod number

  2. Increased chlorophyll and NPK content

  3. Reduced root-rot index

 [127]
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Glomus intraradices 1

  1. Increased shoot dry weight, number of pods and root nodules

  2. Increased chlorophyll and NPK content

  3. Reduced root-rot index

 [128]
Fusarium udum

  1. Chlorosis, leaves and stem drooping, and wilting

 Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Funneliformis mosseae

  1. Increased plant height, shoot dry weight, number of root nodules

  2. Reduced wilt index

 [129,130]
Phytophthora sojae

  1. Increased H2O2 content

  2. Increased JA content, GR activity

 Soybean (Glycine max) Glomus intraradices 1

  1. Decrease H2O2 content

  2. Increased JA content, GR activity, and metabolism of N and C

 [131]
Aphanomyces euteiches

  1. Severe root rot, seedling damping off and wilting

 Pea (Pisum sativum) Glomus intraradices 1

  1. Reduced oospore production and downward growth of pathogen in roots

  2. Delayed and shortened parasitic phase of Aphanomyces euteiches

 [132,133]
Pea (Pisum sativum) Glomus intraradices 1

  1. Increased shoot and root dry weight

  2. Reduced root rot severity

 [133,134]
Nematode Heterodera cajani

  1. Reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and number of root nodules

 Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Funneliformis mosseae

  1. Increased plant height, shoot dry weight, number of root nodules

  2. Reduced nematode population and wilt index

 [129]
Meloidogyne incognita

  1. Reduced plant height, biomass, yield and root nodules

  2. Reduced chlorophyll and NPK content

  3. Caused root rot and galling

 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Glomus fasciculatum 3, Glomus constrictum 4, Glomus intraradices 1, Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora sp. and Sclerocystis sp.

  1. Increased plant height, fresh and dry weight, pod number

  2. Increased chlorophyll and NPK content

  3. Reduced root galling and nematode multiplication

 [127]
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Glomus intraradices 1

  1. Increased shoot dry weight, number of pods and root nodules

  2. Increased chlorophyll and NPK content

  3. Reduced root galling and nematode multiplication

 [128]
Insect Acyrthosiphon pisum Barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) Rhizophagus irregularis

  1. Reduced phloem ingestion

  2. Increased carbon content in host plants

 [135]
Spodoptera litura

  1. Increased activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and defense related metabolites

  2. Reduced total plant biomass

 Black gram (Vigna mungo) Glomus intraradices 1

  1. Increased activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and defense related metabolites

  2. Increased total plant biomass

 [136]

1 Glomus intraradices has been reclassified as Rhizophagus intraradices, 2 Glomus versiforme has been reclassified as Diversispora versiformis, 3 Glomus fasciculatum has been reclassified as Rhizophagus fasciculatus, 4 Glomus constrictum has been reclassified as Septoglomus constrictum.