Table 1.
The levels of antioxidants and TPs in the different environments.
| Environmental Medium | Compound | Sampling Location | Concentrations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water (µg/L) |
DPG | Urban streams (Canada) | 0.76 ± 0.05 | [71] |
| WWTP Discharge (Canada) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | |||
| Seattle-area waterways (America) | 0.02 | [84] | ||
| Regional center (Queensland, Australia) | <0.1 | [58,66] | ||
| Brisbane (Queensland, Australia) | 0.05–1.08 | |||
| 6PPD-Q | The influent of WWTP treating wastewater in the snow-melt day (Leipzig, Germany) | 0.11 ± 0.04 | [40] | |
| Urban streams (Canada) | 0.72 ± 0.26 | [71] | ||
| Near WWTP Discharge (Canada) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | |||
| Surface water (Michigan, America) | <0.04 | [69] | ||
| Standing road water (Michigan, America) | 0.05–0.66 | |||
| Regional center (Queensland, Australia) | <0.02 | [58,66] | ||
| Brisbane (Queensland, Australia) | <0.09 | |||
| Urban river in the Don River (Canada) | 2.30 ± 0.05 | [85] | ||
| Runoff water (Hong Kong, China) | 0.21–2.43 | [73] | ||
| HMMM | Urban streams (Canada) | 2.26 ± 0.34 | [71] | |
| Surface water in the Don River and Highland Creek (Canada) |
>1 | [67] | ||
| Regional center (Queensland, Australia) | <0.29 | [58,66] | ||
| Brisbane (Queensland, Australia) | 0.01–0.20 | |||
| HMMM | German rivers (Germany) | 0.01–0.88 | [86] | |
| Water treatment plants, influent (Southern Ontario, Canada) |
<0.01–0.03 | [68] | ||
| Water treatment plants, effluent (Southern Ontario, Canada) |
0.02–0.11 | |||
| HMMM TPs | Urban streams (Canada) | <11.2 | [71] | |
| Dust (ng/g) |
6PPD | Road (Tokyo, Japan) | 45–1175 | [39] |
| Road (Guangzhou, China) | 4.1–238 | [75] | ||
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | 13.5–429 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | 5.0–41.9 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.a–6.1 | |||
| Roadside soils (Hong Kong, China) | 31.4–831 | [73] | ||
| Indoor dust (Beijing) | n.d.–0.28 | [87] | ||
| Playground dust (Beijing) | n.d.–0.69 | |||
| 6PPD-Q | Road (Tokyo, Japan) | 870–8520 | [39] | |
| Road (Guangzhou, China) | 32.2–80.9 | [75] | ||
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | 5.7–277 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | 17.9–146 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–0.4 | |||
| Roadside soils (Hong Kong, China) | 9.50–936 | [73] | ||
| E-waste recycling workshops (south China) | 375 | [88] | ||
| 77PD | Road (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–38.5 | [75] | |
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–29.1 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–9.6 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–77.6 | |||
| DNPD | Road (Guangzhou, China) | 1.5–35.9 | [75] | |
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–28.9 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | 1.9–29.5 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–137 | |||
| CPPD | Road (Guangzhou, China) | 3.4–190 | [75] | |
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | 5.8–540 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | 5.2–66.8 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–0.4 | |||
| Roadside soils (Hong Kong, China) | 0.73–15.4 | [73] | ||
| DPPD | Road (Guangzhou, China) | 5.8–126 | [75] | |
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | 16.4–217 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–55.3 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–27.0 | |||
| Roadside soils (Hong Kong, China) | 3.63–84.4 | [73] | ||
| Indoor dust (Beijing) | n.d.–22.2 | [87] | ||
| Playground dust in Beijing | n.d.–22.6 | |||
| IPPD | Road (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–321 | [75] | |
| Parking lot (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–237 | |||
| Vehicle (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–575 | |||
| House (Guangzhou, China) | n.d.–41.5 | |||
| Roadside soils (Hong Kong, China) | 0.66–24.5 | [73] | ||
| E-waste recycling workshops (south China) | 363 | [88] | ||
| Air (pg/m3) |
IPPD | Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong, China) | 0.44–2.73 | [73] |
| Shanxi University (Taiyuan, China) | 0.3–8.3 | [72] | ||
| Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China) | 0.3–50 | |||
| Fudan University (Shanghai, China) | 0.3–104 | |||
| Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanjing, China) |
0.8–4.7 | |||
| Government of Hangzhou Binjiang District (Hangzhou, China) |
0.4–2.4 | |||
| Guangdong University of Technology (Guangzhou, China) |
0.2–5.7 | |||
| DPPD | Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong, China) | n.d.–0.70 | [73] | |
| Shanxi University (Taiyuan, China) | 0.1–8.2 | [72] | ||
| Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China) |
0.1–1.5 | |||
| Fudan University (Shanghai, China) | 0.1–5.6 | |||
| Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanjing, China) | 0.1–13 | |||
| Government of Hangzhou Binjiang District (Hangzhou, China) |
0.1–5.8 | [72] | ||
| Guangdong University of Technology (Guangzhou, China) |
0.1–1 | |||
| CPPD | Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong, China) | n.d.–0.74 | [73] | |
| Shanxi University (Taiyuan, China) | 0.5–14 | [72] | ||
| Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China) |
0.4–4.2 | |||
| Fudan University (Shanghai, China) | 0.4–21 | |||
| Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanjing, China) | 0.3–1.2 | |||
| Government of Hangzhou Binjiang District (Hangzhou, China) |
0.4–3.0 | |||
| Guangdong University of Technology (Guangzhou, China) |
0.1–5.1 | |||
| 6PPD | Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong, China) | 0.82–6.30 | [73] | |
| Shanxi University (Taiyuan, China) | 0.02–487 | [72] | ||
| Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China) |
1.2–109 | |||
| Fudan University (Shanghai, China) | 0.5–135 | |||
| Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanjing, China) | 0.4–75 | |||
| Government of Hangzhou Binjiang District (Hangzhou, China) |
0.1–6.0 | |||
| Guangdong University of Technology (Guangzhou, China) | 0.3–10 | |||
| DNPD | Shanxi University (Taiyuan, China) | 0.5–14 | [72] | |
| Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China) |
0.6–7.1 | |||
| Fudan University (Shanghai, China) | 0.5–108 | |||
| Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanjing, China) | 0.3–4.7 | |||
| Government of Hangzhou Binjiang District (Hangzhou, China) |
1.4–9.9 | [72] | ||
| Guangdong University of Technology (Guangzhou, China) | 0.5–5.5 | |||
| 77PD | Shanxi University (Taiyuan, China) | 0.2–7052 | [72] | |
| Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China) |
0.5–231 | |||
| Fudan University (Shanghai, China) | 0.05–967 | |||
| Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanjing, China) | 0.1–84 | |||
| Government of Hangzhou Binjiang District (Hangzhou, China) |
0.5–93 | |||
| Guangdong University of Technology (Guangzhou, China) |
0.1–693 | |||
| 6PPD-Q | Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong, China) | 0.54–13.8 | [73] |
n.d. = not detected.