Figure 3.

A schematic representation for the AT₁ receptors and redox status mediated signal transduction pathway as well as AT₁ receptor and oxidative stress-calcineurin pathway for the development of acute and chronic cardiac hypertrophy, respectively. Although different other signal transduction pathways such as ROS, PKC, ERK1/2, Akt, NF-κB and NOX, p38 MAPK, c-JNK, NF-κB have been identified to explain Ang II—induced pathological (maladaptive) cardiac hypertrophy, their involvement including that of Ca²⁺, calmodulin in the development of physiological (adaptive) cardiac hypertrophy is poorly understood.