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. 2022 Oct 28;23(21):13142. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113142

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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BAT biomarkers and batokines integrating energy metabolism between multiple organs. Brown adipose tissue is rich in mitochondria, and expresses UCP1, CB1, DIO2 and other thermogenic proteins as biomarkers. Moreover, batokines (such as FGF21, BMP8, IL-6) secreted by BAT act on multiple organs including the muscle, bone, brain, liver and pancreas. These batokines participate in numerous physiological activities as “crosstalk molecules” and integrate adipose tissue thermogenesis with the total energy metabolism.