Figure 3.

The possible molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic exercise that regulate adipose tissue browning. Acute and chronic exercise regulate the adipose tissue browning through a number of common and distinct molecular mechanisms. Acute exercise mediates browning through irisin, FGF21, leptin, lactate, ROS, succinate, SNS and acetate while chronic exercise possibly mediates through FGF21, SNS, FFA, BAIBA, BDNF, lactate and GABA. Some of the molecular mechanisms are speculative, as browning of adipose tissue has not been measured in the research. SNS, sympathetic nervous system.