Table 1.

The effects of acute and chronic exercise interventions on adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning in humans and animals.

	Animal		Human
	Acute Exercise	Chronic Exercise	Acute Exercise	Chronic Exercise
Adipose tissue browning	•UCP1 in subcutaneous WAT↑ [75] •C/EBPβ,PGC-1α, UCP1↑ [76] •FGF21↑ [77]	•PGC-1α and UCP1↑ [69] •FOXC2,multilocular adipocytes, UCP1↑ [70]	/	•UCP1,TBX1,CPT1B↑ [9] •FGF21,adipocytes sensitivity to FGF21↑ [48] •no effect [74]
BAT activity	Leptin, p-ERK1/2, UCP1↑ [78]	•mitochondria portein, UCP1, BAT volume↑ [68] •thermogenic response to NE↑ [79] •no effect [80,81] •PGC-1α,UCP1,fatty acid oxidation↓ [82] •oxygen consumption, in vitro thermogenesis↓ [83]	/	•unchanged browning markers, BAT activity↓ [71] •BAT volume and activity↓ [72]

↑ Indicators related to browning or BAT activity increase, ↓ Indicators decrease.