Table 1.

Meta-analyses of observational studies describing the relative risk of distinct cancers according to serum 25(OH)D concentration *.

Cancer Site	N Studies, Cases, Controls	Study Design	Follow-Up (years)	RR (95% CI), High vs. Low	Reference
All	8, —, —	Prospective, incidence	5–28	0.86 (0.73–1.02)	[163]
All	17, —, —	Prospective, mortality	5–28	0.81 (0.71–0.93)	[163]
Bladder	5, 1251, 1332	CC and NCC, incidence	0 (4), 12, 13	0.70 (0.56–0.88)	[164]
Bladder	2, 2264, 2258	Cohort, incidence	14, 28	0.80 (0.67–0.94)	[164]
Breast	44, 29,095, 53,060	CC and NCC, incidence		0.57 (0.48–0.66)	[165]
Breast	6, 2257, —	Cohort, incidence		1.17 (0.92–1.48)	[165]
Colorectal	11, —, —	1 CC, 9 NCC, 1 meta-analysis, incidence	0–20	0.60 (0.53–0.68)	[162]
Colorectal	6, 1252, —	Cohort, incidence	8–20	0.80 (0.66–0.97)	[162]
Colorectal	15, 6691, —	NCC, incidence		0.67 (0.59–0.76)	[166]
Head and neck	5, —, —	Cohort, incidence	7, 15	0.68 (0.59–0.78)	[167]
Liver	8, 992, —	Cohort, incidence	6–28	0.78 (0.63–0.95)	[168]
Liver	6, 776, —	Cohort, incidence	(0.75), 16–22	0.53 (0.41–0.68)	[169]
Lung	8, 1386, —	Cohort, incidence	7–26	0.72 (0.61–0.85)	[170]
Lung	12, —, —	7 Cohort, 5 CC		1.05 (0.95–1.16)	[171]
Ovarian	8, —, —	CC, cohort, NCC		0.86 (0.56–1.33)	[172]
Pancreatic	5, 1068, —	2 Cohort, 3 NCC, incidence	6.5–21	1.02 (0.66–1.57)	[173]
Pancreatic	5, 2003, —	Cohort, mortality	6.5–21	0.81 (0.68–0.96)	[173]
Prostate	19, 12, 786	16 NCC, 3 cohort, incidence		1.15 (1.06–1.24)	[174]
Renal	5, —, —	4 Cohort (+1 CC, 3.5% weighting), incidence	(0), 7–22	0.76 (0.64–0.89)	[175]
Renal	1, —, —	CC, incidence	0	0.30 (0.13–0.72)	[175]
Thyroid	6, 387, 457	CC, incidence		1.30 (1.00–1.69)	[176]

* Results based on data summarized in 2022 by Muñoz & Grant [20], partially modified in their presentation after selection and adjustment, based on our direct examination of the studies under consideration.