Figure 3.

Sporadic forms of PD are caused by environmental factors, such as neurotoxins, vascular risk factors, physical inactivity, etc., and characterized by abnormal accumulations of αSyn within neuronal cell as Lewy bodies, which first appear in the olfactory bulb, the gut nervous system, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus located in the medulla oblongata, then in the locus coeruleus of the pons, the raphe nucleus in the pontine midbrain, SNpc in the midbrain, and finally Lewy bodies are found in the temporal cortex, limbic region, and cerebral cortex. PD is characterized not only by the abnormal accumulations and aggregation of αSyn within neuronal cell bodies and neuritis, but also by intercellular transport of aggregated αSyn. MCh are the primary target of external influence in sporadic forms of PD.