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. 2022 Oct 22;23(21):12755. doi: 10.3390/ijms232112755

Figure 1.

Figure 1

TWSG1 can function as both a BMP agonist and an antagonist. (A) TWSG1 functions as a BMP antagonist by inhibiting BMP signaling through BMP ligand binding. TWSG1 also represses BMP signaling through the formation of the BMP–TWSG1–Chordin ternary complex. (B) TWSG1 also functions as a BMP agonist. TWSG1 triggers BMP/Chordin dissociation via the tolloid-dependent cleavage of Chordin. (C) Overview of BMP signaling. After activating the receptors, phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 translocate to the nucleus with SMAD4, leading to transcriptional activation. BMPs can also activate non-SMAD pathways, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways.